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. 2018 Feb 22;7(2):31. doi: 10.3390/antiox7020031

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme 1 — Bifunctional role of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) in tumor-stroma interaction CNP prevent (−) tumor cell-derived growth factor (GF)-dependent modulation of normal (stromal) cells (e.g., transdifferentation, neoangiogenesis) and mediate their protection from doxorubicin (DOX)-initiated apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, CNP lower tumor invasion and tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, CNP induce (+) reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell death in the studied tumor cells and enhance the apoptotic rate in a combinational approach with DOX [11,58,60].