Table 2.
Involvement of VEGF and IL-6 in neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cell.
| Species | Mesenchymal Stem Cells Origin | Ischemic Insult, Duration (h) and Model | Cytokines Estimation | Neuroprotection Evaluation | Mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | Bone marrow | Rat MCAO 1 h | Gene expression | Neurological score | Increased expression of rat and human VEGF, IL-6 AND rat bFGF, BDNF, NT-3, GDNF, CCL2 | [200,201,202] |
| Human M17 neuroblastoma cell line-OGD (20–24/72) | Cytometric Bead Array | Infarct volume | ||||
| Umbilical Cord stroma | Mice MCAO 1.5–2 h | ELISA | Neurological score | Increased secretion of human VEGF165, upregulation of IL-4, TGF-β1 and IL-10 | [2,51,203,204] | |
| Mice primary cortical neurons- OGD/R (2/24) | Gene expression | Infarct volume | Decrease secretion of IL-6, IL-1β | |||
| Rat MCAO 2 h | IHC, Angiogenic Microarray | |||||
| Rabbit MCAO 2 h | Western blot | |||||
| Placenta and umbilical cord blood | NGF differentiated PC12 | Gene expression | Necrosis—LDH | Increased secretion of human VEGF and IL-6, | [89,92] | |
| (7 days)—OGD/R (4/18) | ELISA | Neuroprotection Index | Reduced redox potential and LPO | |||
| Adipose tissue | Rat MCAO 1 h | IHC | Neurological score | Increased expression of human VEGF | [205,206] | |
| Phase II clinical trials | Infarct volume | |||||
| Patients with acute ischemic stroke within 24 h of onset | Not applicable | NIH Stroke scale/score (NIHSS) | ||||
| Cornea | Rat MCAO | ELISA, Cytokine array, Gene expression | Infarct volume Open field memory test | Increased expression of human VEGF and BDNF | [207] | |
| Rat | Bone marrow | Rat MCAO 1 h | ELISA, Western Blot, IHC | Neurological score | Increase expression of VEGF and bFGF | [208,209,210] |
| Infarct volume | ||||||
| Adipose tissue | Rat MCAO 1 h | IHC | Neurological score | Increased secretion of rat VEGF | [205] | |
| Infarct volume |