Figure 1.

Elevation of enolase promotes glycolysis, cellular proliferation, activation and migration via the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. Enolase-mediated activation of PI3K also regulates RhoA kinase, which influences actin cytoskeleton reorganization, induction of neurite outgrowth, and growth arrest in neuronal cells. NSE is a substrate of Cat X, and regulation of NSE by Cat X may determine neuronal survival during CNS injury. Treatment with enolase inhibitor, ENOblock, may attenuate NSE, Cat X, and other inflammatory events in SCI, thus reducing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and promoting neuronal survival and/or neuroprotection.