Table 1.
Clinical trials of selective estrogen receptors modulators for prostatic diseases.
| Years (References) | Subjective | Objective | Design | Treatments | Number | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 [78] | CRPC | Cancer Control | Experimental | ADT+ Toremifene 300–640 mg/m2 | 15 | No cancer inhibitory effect |
| 2006 [79] | HGPIN | Cancer prevention | RCT | Toremifene 20, 40, 60 mg | 514 | Cancer prevention in 20 mg group |
| 2008 [80] | PC | Osteoporosis prevention | RCT | Toremifene 80 mg | 197 | Increased bone density |
| 2008 [82] | PC | Lipid profile improvement | RCT | Toremifene 80 mg | 1389 | Decreased T Cho, LDL, HDL, TG |
| 2013 [81] | HGPIN | Cancer prevention | RCT | Toremifene 20 mg | 1467 | Not significant cancer prevention |
| 2006 [84] | CRPC | Cancer Control | Experimental | Raloxifene 60 mg | 13 | Partial effect (5 of 13 patients) |
| 2017 [85] | CRPC | Cancer Control | Experimental | Raloxifene 60 mg + Bicaltamide 50 mg | 18 | Partial effect (4 of 18 patients) |
| 2008 [86] | CRPC | Cancer Control | Experimental | Fulvestrant 500 mg, 250 mg | 20 | No patients reduced >50% PSA reduction |
| 2015 [87] | Hormone naïve PC | Testosterone reduction | RCT | ADT, ADT+ GTx-758 1000 mg, or ADT+ GTx-758 2000 mg | 164 | Superior testosterone reduction in GTx-756 group |
| 2015 [88] | Hormone naïve PC | Cancer Control | RCT | ADT, ADT+ Toremifene 60 mg, or ADT+ Raloxifene 60 mg | 15 | ADT+ toremifene significantly improved BCR |
PC; Prostate cancer, CRPC; Castration-resistant prostate cancer, ADT; Androgen deprivation therapy, HGPIN; high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia, RCT; randomized clinical trial, T Cho; Total cholesterol, LDL; Low density lipoprotein, HDL; High density lipoprotein, TG; Total glyceride, BCR; Biochemical recurrence.