Table 1.
Summary of protophenotypes
| Endophenotype | Protophenotype | Genes | Neurotransmitters | Drugs (treat/induce) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asociality/social withdrawal | Social feeding |
npr-1 (NPY receptor) daf-7 (TGF-β) |
DA; 5-HT | Antipsychotics Calmodulin antagonists Gap junction inhibitors |
||
| Avolition/anhedonia | Immobility |
daf-2 (insulin/IGF-1 receptor) unc-64 (syntaxin) |
5-HT; ACh | Amitriptyline Amoxapine Cyproheptadine Ritanserin Metergoline Clozapine Olanzapine Atropine Pirenzepine |
||
| PPI/exaggerated startle | Startle inhibition of pumping |
avr-14 (glycine receptor) avr-15 (glycine receptor) unc-25 (glutamate decarboxylase) cat-2 (tyrosine hydroxylase) |
GABA; DA; glutamate | Haloperidol Sulpiride | ||
| Anorexia | Anorexic phenotype |
daf-16 (FOXO) tph-1 (tryptophan hydroxylase) |
DA; 5-HT | Topiramate (−) Acetazolamide (−) Furazolidone (−) Cyproheptadine (+) Olanzapine (+) |
||