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Non-canonical pathway of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. NLRP3 activation in the noncanonical pathway requires activation of caspase-11 through direct binding to a cytosolic PAMP, like LPS, which then facilitates the oligomerization of the caspase. Caspase-11 can directly cleave gasdermin D and cause pyroptosis or can lead to the release of ATP that acts as a DAMP, stimulating K+ loss and the assembly of the NRP3 inflammasome with subsequent maturation of IL-1β and IL-18.
