Table 1.

Characteristics and Quality of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Antihypertensive Medicines Published in 1990–2016 (n=76)

Characteristics	Number of studies
Location
Europe	41
North America (U.S. and Canada)	16
Others	19
Medical conditions of study population
HTN	39
HTN+diabetes+renal disease	12
HTN+diabetes	9
HTN+renal failure	4
HTN+cardiovascular disease	9
HTN+cerebrovascular disease	3
Economic evaluation type
Cost-minimization analysis	1
Cost-effectiveness analysis	42
Cost-utility analysis	17
Cost-benefit analysis	2
Cost-effectiveness and utility analysis	14
Perspectivea
Health care	30
Third-party payer	19
Not specified payer	8
Societal	7
Others	4
Not reported	10
Study framework
Trial-based	28
Model-based	24
Trial- and model-based	24
Time horizonb
≤1 year	13
>1 year and ≤10 years	38
>10 years	35
Not reported	3
Sensitivity analysis
Conducted	64
Not conducted	12
Treatment type
Monotherapy	35
Combination therapy	14
Monotherapy and/or combination therapy	27
Outcomesc
QALY	31
LY	37
Blood pressure reduction	8
Cardiovascular disease-related	4
Renal disease-related	7
Monetary	2
Others	6
Funding source
Private industry	46
Nonprofit organization	8
Private industry+nonprofit organization	5
None	5
Not reported	12
Quality assessment scored
>90	21
81–90	33
71–80	12
≤70	10

^aTwo studies took two perspectives.

^bEleven studies used more than two time horizons.

^cSeventeen studies assessed more than two outcomes.

^dThe mean Quality of Health Economic Studies score was 82.5 (SD=13.8).

HTN, hypertension; LY, life year; QALY, quality-adjusted life year.