Table 2.

Changes in Cellular miRNA Expression after RNA Virus Infection

Virus	miRNA	Protein target	Phenotype	Refs
EV71	↑ miR-146a	↓ TRAF6, IRAK1, SOS1	↓ IFN-α/β ↑ Apoptosis	[50] [107]
	↑ miR-141	↓ eIF4E	↓ Host translation	[70]
	↓ miR-370	↑ GADD45β	↑ Apoptosis	[107]
	↑ miR-526a	↓ CYLD	↑ IFN-α/β ↓ Viral replication	[66]
DENV	↑ miR-146a	↓ TRAF6	↓ IFN-α/β	[51]
	↑ miR-30e*	↓ IκBα ↑ IFN-β, OAS1, MxA, IFITM1	↓ Viral replication	[61]
JEV	↑ miR-146a	↓ TRAF6	↓ IFN-α/β	[52]
	↓ miR-432	↑ SOCS5	↓ IFN-α/β	[53]
	↑ miR-155	↓ SHIP1	↑ IFN-β, proinflammatory cytokines	[99]
	↑ miR-15b	↓ RNF125	↑ RIG-I	[101]
	↑ miR-29b	↓ TNFAIP3	↑ Proinflammatory cytokines	[100]
Influenza virus	↓ miR-24	↑ Furin	↑ Hemagglutinin cleavage	[68]
	↓ miR-548an	↑ NS1-binding protein	↓ Apoptosis	[69]
	↓ miR-4276	↑ COX6C	↑ Caspase-9 ↓ Viral replication	[109]
	↑ miR-485	↓ RIG-I	↓ IFN-α/β	[34]
	↑ miR-29c	↑ TNFAIP3	↓ Proinflammatory cytokines	[54]
	↑ miR-451	↓ YWHAZ/14-3-3ζ	↓ IL-6, TNF, CCL5, CCL3	[55]
HCV	↑ miR-758	↓ TLR3/7	↓ IFN-α/β	[56]
	↑ miR-373	↓ JAK1, IRF9	↓ IFN-α/β	[58]
	↑ miR-130a	↑ ISG15, USP18, MxA ↓ miR-122 ↓ IFITM1	↑ IFN-α/β ↓ Viral replication ↑ Viral replication	[60] [57]
	↑ miR-146a-5p	N.D.	↑ Viral assembly and egress	[71]
Hendra virus	↑ miR-146a	↓ RNF11	↑ NF-κB ↑ Viral replication	[110]
WNV	↑ miR-532-5p	↓ SESTD1, TAB3	↓ Viral replication	[62]
	↑ miR-6124	↓ CTCF, ECOP	↑ Apoptosis	[108]
Coxsackie B3 virus	↑ miR-19b	↓ GJA1	↑ Pathogenesis, myocarditis	[105]
	↑ miR-1	↓ GJA1, KCNJ2	↑ Pathogenesis, myocarditis	105, 106
RSV	↓ miR-221	↑ NGF, TrKA	↓ Apoptosis ↑ Viral replication	[72]
	↑ let-7f	↓ SOCS3, ELF4, DYRK2, CCND1	↑ Viral replication	[67]
	↑ let-7b, let-7i, miR-30b	N.D.	↑ IFN-β ↓ Viral replication	[65]
Coronavirus OC43	↓ miR-9	↑ NFKB1	↑ NF-κB	[64]
Avian leukosis virus J	↑ miR-23b	↓ IRF1	↓ IFN mRNA ↑ Viral replication	[59]
Borna disease virus	↓ miR-155	↑ SOCS3	↓ IFN-β ↑ Viral replication	[63]

N.D., not determined; ↑ increase; ↓ decrease.

IRAK1, interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1; SOS1, SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1; eIF4E, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E; GADD45β, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45β; CYLD, CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase; OAS1, 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1; MxA, MX dynamin-like GTPase 1; SHIP1, Src homology 2-containing inositol phosphatase 1; RNF125, ring-finger protein 125; E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; TNFAIP3, TNF alpha-induced protein 3; COX6C, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C; YWHAZ/14-3-3ζ, tyrosine 3-monoxygenase/tryptophan 5-monoxygenase activation protein; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; TLR, Toll-like receptor; JAK1, Janus kinase 1; ISG15, ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier; USP18, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18; RNF11, ring-finger protein 11; CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor; ECOP, epidermal growth factor receptor-coamplified and overexpressed protein; GJA1, gap junction protein alpha 1; KCNJ2, potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 2; NGF, nerve growth factor; TrKA, tyrosine receptor kinase A; ELF4, E74-like ETS transcription factor 4; DYRK2, dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2; CCND1, cyclin D1; NFKB1, nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1.