Table 3.

Genetic loss of function C. elegans models of Parkinson’s disease

Human gene	C. elegans gene	Phenotypes	Reference
PRKN	pdr-1	↑DA neuron loss, ↓basal slowing, ↓ethanol avoidance, ↓lifespan, mitochondrial accumulation, ↓stress resistance	Springer et al., 2005 [71]; Ved et al., 2005 [102]; Bornhorst et al., 2014 [81]; Chakraborty et al., 2015 [82]; Kirienko et al., 2015 [83]; Palikaras et al., 2015 [64]; Luz et al., 2015 [84]; Cooper et al., 2017 [53]
PINK1	pink-1	↓basal slowing, mitochondrial accumulation, ↓stress resistance	Samann et al., 2009 [65]; Kirienko et al., 2015 [83]; Palikaras et al., 2015 [64]; Luz et al., 2015 [84]; Cooper et al., 2017 [53]
DJ-1	djr-1.1	↓stress resistance, mitochondrial fragmentation	Lee et al., 2012 [93]; Cooper et al., 2017 [53]
	djr-1.2	↓stress resistance	Lee et al., 2012 [93]
ATP13A2	catp-6	↑DA neuron loss, ↓basal slowing, movement deficit, ↓stress resistance	Cooper and Van Raamsdonk, unpublished data

DA, dopamine.