Table 3.

Summary of variables measured in the patient questionnaire

Measure	Details	Source
Baseline patient demographic questions	Name, address, date of birth, ethnicity	All questions are based upon Statistics New Zealand census questions: available from: http://archive.stats.govt.nz/methods/classifications-and-standards/classification-related-stats-standards/gender-identity.aspx?_ga=2.83660500.398110315.1519357080-701333020.1444617687
Smoking question	To ascertain current, never and ex-smokers	Parts of the New Zealand Health Survey smoking panel Ministry of Health. 2015. Adult Questionnaire (Year 5) 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Available from: http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/questionnaires-and-content-guide-2014-15-new-zealand-health-survey
Healthcare utilisation questions	Primary care, afterhours, Emergency Department ED and hospital admissions	Modified from the New Zealand Health Survey Ministry of Health. 2015. Adult Questionnaire (Year 5) 1 July 2015–30 June 2016: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Available from: http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/questionnaires-and-content-guide-2014-15-new-zealand-health-survey
Comorbid conditions questions	List of conditions	List is a modified version of: Sanga O, Stucki G, Liang M, Fossel AH, Katz JN. The Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire: a new method to assess comorbidity for clinical and health services research. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 49: 156–63. [62]
Medication questions	Name, dose and frequency	Questions developed by research team.
Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5 L)	Health profile and Visual Analogue Scale rating	Permission granted to use the paper and REDCap versions of the EQ-5D-5 L. Available from: https://euroqol.org/eq-5d-instruments/eq-5d-5l-about/
The summary of diabetes self-care activities	Original scale included 5 domains on self-care with additional items on what care has been recommended	We have focussed on the self-care domains only. We have kept the general categories outlined in the original scale, but have modified the questions on diet, blood sugar, foot checks, smoking and medications to be of use for our randomised controlled trial (RCT). Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Glasgow RE. The summary of diabetes self-care activities measure: results from 7 studies and a revised scale. Diabetes care 23.7 (2000): 943–950. [38] Permission to use this scale is from: http://www.ori.org/sdsca/purchase.
Diabetes Distress Scale	17 questions on the level of distress resulting from diabetes	Permission granted to use the scale, and modify to also include pre-diabetics. Available from: http://behavioraldiabetes.org/scales-and-measures/#1448434304099-9078f27c-4106 Fisher L, Glasgow RE, Mullan JT, Skaff MM, Polonsky WH. Development of a brief diabetes distress screening instrument. Ann Fam Med 2008;6(3):246–252. [39] Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Esarles J, Dudl RJ, Lees J, Mullan JT, Jackson R. (2005). Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: Development of the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care, 28, 626–631. [63] Fisher L, Hessler DM, Polonsky WH, Mullan J. (2012). When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful? Establishing cut-points for the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care, 35, 259–264. [64]
Partners in Health Scale	12 questions on chronic disease self-management	Permission to use the scale, April 2017. Smith D, et al. Measuring chronic condition self-management in an Australian community: factor structure of the revised Partners in Health (PIH) scale. Quality of Life Research (2016), 1–11. [37] Petkov J, Harvey P, Battersby MW. The internal consistency and construct validity of the Partners in Health Scale: validation of a patient rated chronic condition self-management measure. Quality of Life Research 19.7 (2010), 1079–1085. [65]