Table 3:

Summary of Included Studies

Author, Year Setting	Study Design (Trial Name)a CGM Device	Recruitment Period	Inclusion Criteria					Sample Size, I/C Intervention	Control	Study Period
			Age, y	Diagnosis	Glucose Control	Insulin Therapy	Other
Beck et al, 201724 United States 24 sites	RCT (DIAMOND) Dexcom G4	October 2014–May 2016	≥ 25	Type 1 diabetes > 1 year	A1C between 7.5% and 10.0%	MDI	Not pregnant	105/53	CGM	SMBG	24 weeks
Bergenstal et al, 201025 United States and Canada 30 sites	RCT (STAR 3) Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time	January 2007–December 2008	1–70	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 3 months	A1C between 7.4% and 9.5%	MDI	NA	244/241	SAP	MDI with SMBG	1 year
Bukara-Radujkovic et al, 201126 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 site	RCT Medtronic MiniMed	2006–2007	5–18	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 1 year	A1C ≥ 8%	MDI	NA	40/40	CGM	SMBG	6 months
Hermanides et al, 201127 Europe 8 sites	RCT Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time	April 2007–January 2009	18–65	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 1 year	A1C ≥ 8.2%	MDI	NA	43/35	SAP	MDI with SMBG	26 weeks
Hommel et al, 201428 Europe 8 sites	RCT, crossover (SWITCH) Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time	January 2008–July 2010	6–70	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 1 year	A1C between 7.5% and 9.5%	CSII > 6 months	CGM-naïve	153 (total sample size)	Sensor on	Sensor off	17 months
Kordonouri et al, 201229 Europe 5 sites	RCT (ONSET) Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time	February 2007–October 2008	1–16	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 1 year	NR	CSII	NA	80/80	SAP	CSII with SMBG	1 year
Langeland et al, 201230 Norway 1 site	RCT, crossover Medtronic MiniMed Guardian REAL-Time	January 2009–March 2009	18–50	Type 1 diabetes > 3 years	A1C between 7% and 10%	MDI or CSII	> 1 serious hypoglycemic event in previous 6 months Untreated concomitant disease	30 (total sample size)	CGM	SMBG	20 weeks; 4 weeks of intervention, 8 weeks of washout before crossover
Lind et al, 201731 Sweden 15 sites	RCT, crossover (GOLD) Dexcom G4	February 2014–June 2016	≥ 18	Type 1 diabetes > 1 year	A1C ≥ 7.5%	MDI	NA	142 (total sample size)	CGM	Usual care	26 weeks of intervention, 17 weeks of washout before crossover
Little et al, 201432 United Kingdom 5 sites	RCT, 2 × 2 crossover (HypoCOMPaSS) Medtronic REAL-Time	NR	18–74	Type 1 diabetes, C-peptide negative	Impaired hypoglycemia awareness	NR	NA	96 (total sample size)	CGM with MDI CGM with CSII	SMBG with MDI SMBG with CSII	24 weeks
Ly et al, 201333 Australiab	RCT Medtronic Paradigm Veo	December 2009–January 2012	4–50	Type 1 diabetes	Hypoglycemia unawareness/ impaired awareness	CSII > 6 months	Not pregnant	46/49	SAP with low glucose suspend	CSII with SMBG	6 months
McQueen et al, 201440 United States 1 site	Retrospective cohort Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time or Dexcom device	2006–2011	≥ 18	Type 1 diabetes	NR	NR	Not pregnant	66/67	CGM with SMBG	SMBG	Up to 10 months
Olivier et al, 201434 Canada 2 sites	Pilot RCT Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time	February 2009–January 2011	5–18	Type1 diabetes ≥ 1 year	NR	Injection therapy	NA	10/10	CGM with CSII	CSII with delayed CGM	4 months
Quiros et al, 201541 Europe 8 sites	Retrospective observational study of RCT (SWITCH) Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time	January 2008–July 2010	6–70	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 1 year	A1C between 7.5% and 9.5%	CSII > 6 months	NA	20 (total sample size)	SAP	CSII	3 years
Radermecker et al, 201042 Belgium 1 site	Prospective observational controlled trial Medtronic Guardian REAL-Time	NR	Adults	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 1 year	≥ 6 capillary glucose recordings of < 60 mg/dL in 14 days	CSII > 1 year	NA	13 (total sample size)	CGM	SMBG	12 weeks
Rosenlund et al, 201535 Denmark 2 sites	RCT Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm Veo	February 2012–December 2014	18–75	Type 1 diabetes	A1C ≥ 7.5%	MDI	GFR at least 45 mL/min/ 1.73 m2 No other concomitant disease; no pregnancy	26/29	SAP	MDI with SMBG	1 year
Rubin and Peyrot, 201236 United States and Canada 30 sites	RCT (STAR 3) Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time	January 2007–December 2008	7–70	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 3 months	A1C between 7.4% and 9.5%	MDI	< 2 hypoglycemic events in previous year Not pregnant	243/238	SAP	MDI with SMBG	1 year
Slover et al, 201237 United States and Canada 30 sites	RCT (STAR 3) Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time	January 2007–December 2008	7–18	Type 1 diabetes ≥ 3 months	A1C between 7.4% and 9.5%	MDI	< 2 hypoglycemic events in previous year	78/78	SAP	MDI with SMBG	1 year
Soupal et al, 201643 Czech Republic 1 site	Prospective controlled trial Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm Veo	NR	> 18	Type 1 diabetes > 2 years	A1C between 7% and 10%	MDI or CSII	No concomitant disease; not pregnant or planning pregnancy	27/38	SAP CGM with MDI	SMBG with CSII SMBG with MDI	52 weeks
Tumminia et al, 201538 Italy 1 site	RCT, crossover Medtronic MiniMed Guardian REAL-Time	January–March 2012	18–60	Type 1 diabetes	A1C > 8%	MDI or CSII	Middle-class socioeconomic status; no concomitant disease; not pregnant or planning pregnancy	20 (total sample size)	CGM	SMBG	14 months; 6 months of intervention, 2 months of washout before crossover
van Beers et al, 201639 Netherlands 2 sites	RCT (IN CONTROL) Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm Veo	March 2013–February 2014	18–75	Type 1 diabetes	Impaired hypoglycemia awareness	CSII or MDI	No concomitant disease; not pregnant	26/26	CGM	SMBG	44 weeks; 16 weeks of intervention, 12 weeks of washout before crossover

Abbreviations: A1C, glycated hemoglobin; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump); GFR, glomerular filtration rate; I/C, intervention/control; MDI, multiple daily injections; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SAP, sensor-augmented pump; SMBG, self-management of blood glucose.

^aSome studies have been given a trial nickname; where that exists, it has been listed to help identify multiple publications on the same study.

^bNumber of sites not provided.