Table 1.
Characteristics of women and men aged 22–44 years in and out of the workforce—Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, 2013–2015
| Women, N = 53,521 | Men, N = 67,407 | Women | Men | |||
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| n (Unweighted) | % Out of workforce (row %, weighted) | n (Unweighted) | % Out of workforce (row %, weighted) | Out versus in workforce adjusted POR (95% CI)* | ||
| Age category (y) | ||||||
| 22–29 | 17,188 | 22 | 23,277 | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| 30–34 | 11,806 | 25 | 14,803 | 9 | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
| 35–39 | 11,539 | 27 | 13,981 | 9 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
| 40–44 | 12,988 | 25 | 15,346 | 10 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
| P for linear trend | P < .001 | P = .27 | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 33,889 | 22 | 45,480 | 8 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 7465 | 20 | 6842 | 15 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 2.1 (1.9–2.3) |
| Hispanic | 9165 | 32 | 10,501 | 12 | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) |
| Other | 3002 | 26 | 4584 | 14 | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Less than high school | 3248 | 47 | 3785 | 17 | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) |
| High school or equivalent | 8262 | 33 | 13,193 | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| Some college/vocational | 15,433 | 23 | 19,693 | 9 | 0.6 (0.6–0.7) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) |
| College graduate | 15,785 | 15 | 19,577 | 5 | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) |
| Graduate work or degree | 10,793 | 12 | 11,159 | 5 | 0.3 (0.2–0.3) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) |
| P for linear trend | P < .001 | P < .001 | ||||
| Children aged <18 years† | ||||||
| No | 19,104 | 17 | 32,640 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| Yes | 34,417 | 28 | 34,767 | 8 | 1.6 (1.5–1.6) | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) |
| Number of children† | ||||||
| 0 | 19,104 | 17 | 32,640 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| 1 | 11,209 | 23 | 11,483 | 8 | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
| 2 | 13,248 | 27 | 13,674 | 7 | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) |
| 3 | 6303 | 33 | 6178 | 9 | 1.8 (1.7–2.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
| ≥4 | 3657 | 39 | 3432 | 9 | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
| P for linear trend | P < .001 | P < .001 | ||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| Excellent | 12,456 | 19 | 15,761 | 7 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| Very good | 17,912 | 18 | 22,385 | 7 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
| Good | 15,214 | 25 | 20,223 | 9 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) |
| Fair | 6369 | 35 | 7535 | 17 | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) | 2.1 (1.9–2.3) |
| Poor | 1570 | 57 | 1493 | 39 | 3.7 (3.2–4.2) | 6.7 (5.7–7.8) |
| P for linear trend | P < .001 | P < .001 | ||||
n = number of participants.
*
Models for age and race/ethnicity are unadjusted. Model for educational attainment is adjusted for age category and race/ethnicity. All other models are adjusted for age category, race/ethnicity, and education.
†
Number of children in household aged less than 18 years.