Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) by Objective Numeracy, Objective Health Literacy and Cognitive Impairment in the Vanderbilt Inpatient Cohort Study (VICS)
| Patient Characteristics | N | Overall | Numeracy (n = 881) | Health Literacy (n = 825) | Cognition (n =878) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate | Adequate | P-value | Inadequate/Marginal | Adequate | P-value | Any Impairment | Intact Cognition | P-value | |||
| n = 299 | n = 582 | n = 203 | n = 622 | n = 462 | n = 416 | ||||||
| Socio-Demographic Characteristics | |||||||||||
| Age, median(IDR) | 883 | 60 (39, 78) | 63 (43, 81) | 60 (38, 77) | <0.001 | 63 (43, 81) | 60 (38, 77) | <0.001 | 61 (42, 80) | 60 (38, 76) | 0.04 |
| Female, n(%) | 883 | 410 (46%) | 104 (45%) | 304 (47%) | 0.69 | 104 (45%) | 304 (47%) | 0.69 | 239 (52%) | 168 (40%) | <0.001 |
| Race: Non-White, n(%) | 882 | 212 (24%) | 44 (19%) | 166 (26%) | 0.05 | 44 (19%) | 166 (26%) | 0.05 | 126 (27%) | 84 (20%) | 0.01 |
| Education, median(IDR) | 882 | 13 (11, 18) | 12 ( 9, 14) | 14 (12, 18) | <0.001 | 12 ( 9, 14) | 14 (12, 18) | <0.001 | 12 (10, 16) | 14 (12, 18) | <0.001 |
| Income, median(IDR) | 839 | 5 (2, 8) | 4 (2, 7) | 5 (2, 8) | <0.001 | 4 (2, 7) | 5 (2, 8) | <0.001 | 5 (1, 7) | 6 (2, 9) | <0.001 |
| Home Status, n(%) | 881 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.08 | |||||||
| Married | 475 (54%) | 136 (59%) | 339 (52%) | 136 (59%) | 339 (52%) | 233 (51%) | 241 (58%) | ||||
| Not Married, Living with someone | 209 (24%) | 50 (22%) | 157 (24%) | 50 (22%) | 157 (24%) | 120 (26%) | 88 (21%) | ||||
| Not Married, Living Alone | 197 (22%) | 44 (19%) | 153 (24%) | 44 (19%) | 153 (24%) | 108 (23%) | 87 (21%) | ||||
| Clinical and Diagnostic Characteristics | |||||||||||
| History of Heart Failure, n(%) | 864 | 688 (80%) | 182 (81%) | 503 (79%) | 0.57 | 182 (81%) | 503 (79%) | 0.57 | 363 (80%) | 320 (79%) | 0.73 |
| History of COPD, n(%) | 883 | 242 (27%) | 78 (34%) | 164 (25%) | 0.01 | 78 (34%) | 164 (25%) | 0.011 | 144 (31%) | 97 (23%) | 0.01 |
| History of CAD, n(%) | 863 | 375 (43%) | 113 (50%) | 262 (41%) | 0.02 | 113 (50%) | 262 (41%) | 0.02 | 202 (44%) | 171 (42%) | 0.52 |
| History of Diabetes, n(%) | 864 | 377 (44%) | 114 (51%) | 261 (41%) | 0.01 | 114 (51%) | 261 (41%) | 0.01 | 210 (46%) | 163 (40%) | 0.08 |
| Depression, median(IDR) | 865 | 9 ( 3, 17) | 10 ( 4, 19) | 8 ( 3, 16) | <0.001 | 10 ( 4, 19) | 8 ( 3, 16) | <0.001 | 9 ( 3, 17) | 8 ( 3, 16) | 0.43 |
| Elixhauser Score, median(IDR) | 867 | 20 (10, 34) | 22 (12, 34) | 21 (10, 35) | 0.11 | 21 (11, 33) | 20 ( 9, 34) | 0.34 | 22 (11, 34) | 20 (10, 35) | 0.09 |
| Ejection Fraction (%), median (IDR) | 868 | 40 (15, 60) | 45 (15, 60) | 38 (15, 60) | 0.05 | 45 (15, 60) | 38 (15, 60) | 0.05 | 42 (15, 60) | 35 (15, 60) | 0.08 |
| EGFR, median(IQR) | 865 | 57 (25, 97) | 49 (23, 92) | 60 (26, 97) | <0.001 | 49 (23, 92) | 60 (26, 97) | 0.001 | 57 (26, 97) | 58 (25, 97) | 0.76 |
| Hemoglobin(g/dL), median(IDR) | 862 | 12 ( 9, 15) | 11 ( 9, 15) | 12 ( 9, 15) | 0.07 | 11 ( 9, 15) | 12 ( 9, 15) | 0.07 | 11 ( 9, 15) | 12 ( 9, 15) | 0.01 |
| Sodium(mg/L), median(IDR) | 865 | 137 (132, 141) | 137 (132, 142) | 137 (132, 141) | 0.81 | 137 (132, 142) | 137 (132, 141) | 0.81 | 137 (133, 141) | 137 (132, 141) | 0.6 |
| BNP(pg/mL), median(IDR) | 791 | 620 ( 110, 2374) | 669 ( 107, 2502) | 611 ( 116, 2242) | 0.59 | 669 ( 107, 2502) | 611 ( 116, 2242) | 0.59 | 616 ( 114, 2505) | 620 ( 106, 2219) | 0.48 |
| Current smoker, n(%) | 858 | 110 (13%) | 17% (80/290) | 11% (60/568) | <0.001 | 38 (17%) | 72 (11%) | 0.03 | 43 (15%) | 67 (11%) | 0.06 |
| Hospitalization Characteristics | |||||||||||
| Length of Stay (days), median(IDR) | 883 | 4 ( 2, 13) | 5 ( 2, 11) | 4 ( 2, 13) | 0.31 | 5 ( 2, 11) | 4 ( 2, 13) | 0.31 | 5 ( 2, 13) | 4 ( 2, 12) | 0.16 |
| Transfer to ICU, n(%) | 864 | 198 (23%) | 47 (21%) | 150 (24%) | 0.41 | 47 (21%) | 150 (24%) | 0.41 | 106 (23%) | 92 (23%) | 0.83 |
| Number Admissions Past 12 Months | 877 | 1 (0, 5) | 2 (0, 5) | 1 (0, 5) | 0.06 | 2 (0, 5) | 1 (0, 5) | 0.06 | 2 (0, 5) | 1 (0, 5) | 0.23 |
Continuous variables are summarized with the median and Inter Decile Range: median (IDR); Categorical variables are summarized with the n and percentage: n (%); N is the number of non–missing values; Income was considered a continuous variable but the numbers represent ordinal categories: 1=<$10,000, 2=$10,000–$14,999, 3=$15,000–$19,999, 4=$20,000–$24,999, 5=$25,000–$34,999, 6=$35,000–$49,999, 7=$50,000–$74,999, 8=$75,000–$99,999, 9=$100,000; Educational attainment ranges from 1 year to 25 years; For associations with categorical variables, the Pearson Chi-Square test was used; For associations with continuous variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used.