Table 2.
Outcomes and Between‐Group Differences (n = 141)
| Outcome | Intervention | Control | Group Differencea (95% Confidence Interval) | P‐Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 Months | Baseline | 6 Months | |||
| Mean ± Standard Deviation | ||||||
| Health‐related quality of life: SF‐12 (n = 75 intervention, n = 66 control) | ||||||
| Physical function | 44.78 ± 10.61 | 44.57 ± 10.44 | 43.94 ± 10.73 | 44.18 ± 11.44 | −0.15 (−3.00–2.71) | .92 |
| Role physicalb | 43.98 ± 11.55 | 46.07 ± 10.08 | 44.13 ± 11.19 | 44.96 ± 11.02 | 1.19 (−1.60–3.98) | .40 |
| Bodily pain | 45.22 ± 13.33 | 45.58 ± 12.36 | 45.57 ± 11.35 | 46.39 ± 11.11 | −0.57 (−3.36–2.21) | .69 |
| General healthc | 47.99 ± 9.29 | 51.52 ± 9.12 | 49.08 ± 9.23 | 49.05 ± 9.83 | 3.11 (0.50–5.71) | .02 |
| Vitalityc | 49.46 ± 9.63 | 51.95 ± 9.11 | 51.75 ± 10.43 | 50.56 ± 10.39 | 2.61 (−0.10–2.61) | .06 |
| Social function | 45.87 ± 12.65 | 52.51 ± 8.82 | 45.58 ± 13.38 | 50.97 ± 9.66 | 1.50 (−1.51–4.50) | .33 |
| Role emotion | 47.76 ± 12.25 | 49.28 ± 10.55 | 49.67 ± 9.88 | 48.25 ± 11.14 | 1.82 (−1.47–5.11) | .28 |
| Mental healthc | 53.58 ± 10.36 | 54.80 ± 7.81 | 54.56 ± 9.01 | 53.17 ± 8.44 | 2.10 (−0.17–4.37) | .07 |
| Physical Component Summary | 43.31 ± 11.01 | 44.41 ± 10.40 | 42.87 ± 11.16 | 44.02 ± 11.65 | 0.04 (–2.22–2.30) | .97 |
| Mental Component Summaryc | 51.97 ± 10.91 | 55.30 ± 7.83 | 53.86 ± 8.91 | 53.51 | 2.74 (0.28–5.19) | .03 |
| 10‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score (n = 71 intervention, n = 65 control) | 5.50 ± 5.17 | 4.67 ± 4.83 | 5.31 ± 5.11 | 5.71 ± 5.24 | −1.13 (−2.56–0.30) | .17 |
| 7‐item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale score (n = 77 intervention, n = 66 control) | 2.71 ± 3.48 | 2.34 ± 2.92 | 2.91 ± 3.92 | 2.71 ± 3.27 | −0.29 (−1.18–0.60) | .52 |
| Self‐efficacy: Stanford (n = 75 intervention, n = 64 control) | 7.79 ± 1.95 | 8.27 ± 1.57 | 7.94 ± 1.82 | 8.05 ± 1.45 | 0.29 (−0.13–0.70) | .17 |
| Self‐management: Summary of Diabetes Self‐Care Activities Scale d (n = 75 intervention, n = 64 control) | ||||||
| General dietc | 6.02 ± 1.71 | 6.21 ± 1.20 | 5.77 ± 1.79 | 5.85 ± 1.53 | 0.27 (–0.14–0.69) | .19 |
| Special dietc | 5.19 ± 1.42 | 5.60 ± 1.08 | 4.77 ± 1.51 | 5.00 ± 1.84 | 0.41 (−0.04–0.86) | .07 |
| Exercise | 2.24 ± 2.05 | 2.69 ± 2.04 | 2.17 ± 2.09 | 2.09 ± 1.95 | 0.57 (−0.02–1.15) | .06 |
| Foot care | 3.63 ± 2.38 | 4.11 ± 2.31 | 3.48 ± 2.49 | 3.49 ± 2.48 | 0.59 (−0.20–1.36) | .14 |
| Total | 39.33 ± 9.96 | 42.83 ± 8.52 | 37.13 ± 9.50 | 37.86 ± 11.33 | 3.74 (0.92–6.57) | .01 |
a
Intervention mean–control mean. Result from analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values.
b
One of eight health domains measured in the Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item Shorr‐Form Survey (SF‐12). In two questions, it assesses whether respondents accomplished less because of their physical health and whether their physical health limited their work or activities.
c
Significant interaction between covariate and outcome. See interaction plots (Supplemental Figure S1) to aid interpretation.
d
9 of 11 items (2 blood glucose monitoring items excluded).