Table 3.

Health and Social Service Cost Comparison of Intervention and Control Groups (n = 141)

Service	Intervention		Control		Group Differencea
	Baseline	6 Months	Baseline	6 Months	Z Statistic	P‐Value
	$, Median (Interquartile Range)
Family physician visits	154.40 (77.20–231.60)	154.40 (97.62–231.60)	154.40 (97.62–231.60)	198.33 (154.40–308.80)	−0.18	.07
Physician specialist	118.43 (0.00–239.20)	61.33 (0.00–177.29)	118.43 (0.00–193.46)	190.08 (0.00–376.54)	−3.09	.01b
Ambulance and 911 calls	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	−0.09	.93
Emergency department	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.10	.92
Home care	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	−1.77	.08
Diabetes mellitus carec	95.00 (0.00–150.00)	1,039.85 (892.71–1,143.10)	95.00 (50.00–158.25)	190.00 (50.00–366.00)	9.60	<.001d
Diagnostic tests	12.50 (6.30–83.86)	120.63 (99.18–208.17)	12.50 (6.30–79.19)	133.41 (99.18–214.26)	−0.54	.59
Supplies and equipment	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	14.00 (0.00–111.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	30.00 (12.00–135.00)	−1.38	.17
Other health professionals	188.04 (60.00–595.13)	106.50 (60.00–268.06)	343.62 (95.30–578.37)	215.25 (67.31–498.50)	−0.55	.58
Prescription medications	900.64 (495.24–1,433.93)	1,013.94 (537.01–1,626.42)	1,090.87 (549.51–1,768.95)	1,166.57 (564.42–1,922.52)	0.55	.58
Alternative therapies	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.19	.85
Hospital	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00	>.99
Total costs	1,993.30 (1,261.67–3,153.99)	3,175.06 (2,258.28–4,597.07)	2,109.33 (1,388.90–3,398.09)	2,906.11 (2,088.40–4,010.73)	1.12	.26e

^aMann‐Whitney U‐test used to determine significance of group differences.

^bFavors intervention.

^cIncludes program costs for intervention group (training, in‐home visits, group sessions, case conferences).

^dFavors control.

Total costs excluding hospital costs were examined, but no group differences were observed (z = 1.25, p = .21).