Figure 4.

Wound healing mediators secreted by skin and gingiva substitutes. (A) cytokine secretion [interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5 and CCL27] and (B) growth factor secretion [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)] by skin and gingiva substitutes are shown. Protein levels in the culture supernatants were determined by means of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Background amounts of cytokines and growth factors within the fibroblast culture medium were below the detection limits of the ELISA (data not shown). Bars represent means ± standard error of the mean of n = 6 skin donors for skin substitutes and n = 5 gingiva donors for gingival substitutes. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01