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. 2016 Feb 14;46(1):75–85. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv365

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants according to nut consumption categories

Servings of nut consumption
Never <1 serving per week 1 to < 3 servings per week ≥3 servings per week Total
n  (%) 13 491  (27.5) 25 494  (51.9) 7 846  (16.0) 2 281  (4.6) 49 112
Men n  (%) 5 410  (40.1) 10 428  (40.9) 3 793  (48.3) 1 224  (53.7) 20 855  (42.5)
Age mean ±SD 55.8 ±9.4 51.2 ±8.4 49.4 ±7.6 48.7 ±7.6 52.07 ±8.9
BMI  (kg/m2) mean ±SD 25.6 ±5.5 26.9 ±5.4 27.4 ±5.2 27.8 ±5.1 26.69 ±5.4
Education n  (%)

  • No formal

 11 435  (84.8) 17 520  (68.7) 4 409  (56.2) 1 039  (45.5) 34 403  (70.1)

  • Up to high school

 2 021  (15.0) 7 471  (29.3) 3 083  (39.3) 1 083  (47.5) 13 658  (27.8)

  • University

 35  (0.3) 503  (2.0) 354  (4.5) 159  (7.0) 1 051  (2.1)
Place of residence

  • Rural

 12 082  (89.6) 19 699  (77.3) 5 828  (74.3) 1 495  (65.5) 39 104  (79.6)

  • Urban

 1 409  (10.4) 5 795  (22.7) 2 018  (25.7) 786  (34.5) 10 008  (20.4)
Smoking status n  (%)

  • Never

 11 138  (82.6) 21 366  (83.8) 6 385  (81.4) 1 731  (75.9) 40 620  (82.7)

  • Current

 1 373  (10.2) 2 591  (10.2) 999  (12.7) 379  (16.6) 5 342  (10.9)

  • Former

 980  (7.2) 1 537  (6.0) 462  (5.9) 171  (7.5) 3 150  (6.4)
Alcohol ever used n  (%) 304  (2.2) 827  (3.2) 380  (4.8) 200  (8.8) 1 711  (3.5)
Opiate ever use n  (%)] 2 782  (20.6) 3 944  (15.5) 1 205  (15.4) 411  (18.0) 8 342  (17.0)
Diabetes n  (%) 1 115  (8.3) 1 756  (6.9) 484  (6.2) 171  (7.5) 3 526  (7.2)
Hypertension n  (%)] 6 638  (49.2) 10 642  (41.7) 2 888  (36.8) 837  (36.7) 21 005  (42.8)
Wealth score n  (%)

  • 1st quartile

 4 041  (29.9) 4 380  (17.2) 920  (11.7) 181  (7.9) 9 522  (19.4)

  • 2nd quartile

 4 812  (35.7) 7 586  (29.8) 1 918  (24.5) 467  (20.5) 14 783  (30.1)

  • 3rd quartile

 3 051  (22.6) 6 654  (26.1) 2 095  (26.7) 568  (24.9) 12 368  (25.2)

  • 4th quartile

 1 587  (11.8) 6 874  (27.0) 2 913  (37.1) 1 065  (46.7) 12 439  (25.3)
Physical activity n  (%)

  • Low

 9 750  (72.3) 15 617  (61.3) 4 168  (53.1) 1 021  (44.8) 30.556  (62.22)

  • Moderate

 3 147  (23.3) 8.690  (34.1) 3 230  (41.2) 1 131  (49.6) 16.198  (33.0)

  • High

 594  (4.4) 1 187  (4.7) 448  (5.7) 129  (5.7) 2 358  (4.8)
Nutritional characteristics mean ±SD

  • Energy intake

 1964 ±1150 2180 ±862 2446 ±1338 2666 ±951 2186 ±1054

  • Fish  (g/d)

 5.5 ±11.8 7.7 ±13.7 11.2 ±16.7 16.3 ±23.9 8.06 ±14.6

  • Red meat  (g/d)

 10.2 ±14.4 15.2 ±17.9 23.2 ±92.8 27.9 ±68.9 15.70 ±42.9

  • Chicken  (g/d)

 67.4 ±110.5 64.4 ±217.7 69.7 ±250.6 72.4 ±162.4 66.47 ±198.1

  • Vegetable  (g/d)

 158.4 ±79.5 184.8 ±82.4 211.9 ±87.4 241.8 ±123.4 184.52 ±87.4

  • Fruit  (g/d)

 102.0 ±97.3 149.1 ±120.2 208.7 ±142.3 275.4 ±212.1 151.58 ±131.7

  • Dairy products  (g/d)

 157.5 ±131.4 195.3 ±136.4 233.5 ±143.8 276.9 ±181.2 194.80 ±142.0

  • Egg  (g/d)

 8.0 ±12.6 11.4 ±13.4 13.9 ±14.2 16.1 ±18.8 11.06 ±13.8

  • Total fibre  (g/d)

 20.4 ±16.8 22.7 ±7.2 25.3 ±7.9 28.7 ±11.6 22.77 ±11.2

  • Mg

 418.5 ±338.9 450.8 ±148.1 490.8 ±162.3 544.3 ±231.6 452.68 ±224.9

  • Zn

 9.1 ±6.2 10.0 ±5.2 11.3 ±7.3 12.6 ±6.1 10.11 ±6.0

  • Cu

 1.5 ±0.98 1.7 ±0.56 1.9 ±0.65 2.2 ±1.00 1.69 ±0.76

All variables were different at levels of nut consumption  (P < 0.001).

1 serving = 28 g.