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. 2016 Feb 14;46(1):75–85. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv365

Table 4.

Hazard ratios for total mortality for those eating ≥ 1 serving of nuts per week vs those not eating nuts, stratified by subgroups of other potential risk factorsa

Women
 Men
 Pooled
HR (95% CI) P-value for interaction HR (95% CI) P-value for interaction HR (95% CI) P-value for interaction
Age 0.312 0.456 0.239

  • <50 yr.

 0.62 (0.42-0.91) 0.82 (0.60-1.12) 0.73 (0.57-0.92)

  • ≥50 yr.

 0.66 (0.53- 0.81) 0.8 (0.73-1.02) 0.78 (0.68-0.88)
BMI 0.901 0.420 0.742

  • <25

 0.67 (0.49-0.92) 0.78 (0.64-0.96) 0.76 (0.64-0.90)

  • 25 to < 30

 0.62 (0.45-0.86) 0.90 (0.70-1.16) 0.78 (0.64-0.95)

  • ≥30

 0.55 (0.40-0.77) 0.95 (0.64-1.40) 0.68 (0.53-0.87)
Education 0.243 0.555 0.867
No formal 0.63 (0.52-0.77) 0.76 (0.62-0.92) 0.70 (0.61-0.80)
Formal 0.42 (0.19-0.91) 0.97 (0.80-1.19) 0.88 (0.70-1.11)
Place of residence 0.019 0.542 0.117
Rural 0.62 (0.50-0.77) 0.76 (0.64-0.89) 0.71 (0.62-0.81)
Urban 0.55 (0.39-0.79) 1.06 (0.77-1.44) 0.80 (0.63-1.00)
Smoking 0.352 0.881 0.469

  • Never

 0.61 (0.50-0.73) 0.89 (0.73-1.08) 0.73 (0.64-0.84)

  • Ever

 1.02 (0.34-3.06) 0.74 (0.60-0.92) 0.75(0.61-0.93)
Opiate ever use 0.015 0.548 0.173

  • Never

 0.59 (0.47-0.70) 0.88 (0.73-1.06) 0.72 (0.63-0.82)

  • Ever

 0.88 (0.57-1.34) 0.76 (0.61-0.96) 0.79 (0.65-0.97)
Wealth score 0.461 0.924 0.868

  • Below median

 0.67 (0.51-0.87) 0.78(0.63-0.95) 0.73 (0.62-0.86)

  • Above median

 0.56 (0.43-0.73) 0.89 (0.72-1.11) 0.75 (0.64-0.89)
Physical activity 0.475 0.751 0.875

  • Low

 0.58 (0.47-0.72) 0.87 (0.72-1.07) 0.72 (0.63-0.84)

  • Moderate and high

 0.79 (0.52-1.19) 0.80 (0.65-0.99) 0.79 (0.65-0.95)
Energy intake 0.791 0.483 0.547

  • Below median

 0.63 (0.48-0.82) 0.79 (0.60-1.05) 0.71 (0.59-0.87)

  • Above median

 0.62 (0.48-0.81) 0.83 (0.70-0.99) 0.77 (0.66-0.89)
Fish (g/d) 0.953 0.195 0.326

  • Below median

 0.60 (0.45-0.81) 0.69 (0.55-0.88) 0.66 (0.55-0.79)

  • Above median

 0.62 (0.48-0.79) 0.95 (0.78-1.16) 0.80 (0.69-0.94)
Red meat (g/d) 0.246 0.992 0.679

  • Below median

 0.64 (0.48-0.85) 0.83 (0.64-1.07) 0.74 (0.61-0.90)

  • Above median

 0.60 (0.46-0.77) 0.81 (0.67-0.97) 0.74 (0.63-0.85)
Chicken (g/d) 0.033 0.148 0.212

  • Below median

 0.70 (0.54-0.90) 0.74 (0.60-0.92) 0.73 (0.62-0.86)

  • Above median

 0.55 (0.42-0.72) 0.91 (0.75-1.11) 0.76 (0.65-0.89)
Vegetable (g/d) 0.907 0.430 0.683

  • Below median

 0.60 (0.45-0.80) 0.79 (0.63-1.00) 0.72 (0.60-0.86)

  • Above median

 0.64 (0.50-0.83) 0.86 (0.71-1.04) 0.77 (0.66-0.89)
Fruit (g/d) 0.873 0.519 0.785

  • Below median

 0.61 (0.44-0.83) 0.89 (0.68-1.17) 0.76 (0.62-0.93)

  • Above median

 0.67 (0.52-0.85) 0.82 (0.68-0.98) 0.76 (0.66-0.88)
Dairy products (g/d) 0.319 0.286 0.673

  • Below median

 0.75 (0.57-0.99) 0.79 (0.61-1.02) 0.77 (0.64-0.93)

  • Above median

 0.55 (0.43-0.71) 0.82 (0.68-0.98) 0.72 (0.62-0.83)
Egg (g/d) 0.750 0.983 0.765

  • Below median

 0.61 (0.49-0.75) 0.84 (0.70-1.00) 0.73 (0.64-0.84)

  • Above median

 0.66 (0.44-0.99) 0.80 (0.62-1.03) 0.78 (0.63-0.96)
Total fibre (g/d) 0.235 0.943 0.541

  • Below median

 0.69 (0.54-0.89) 0.97 (0.75-1.24) 0.83 (0.69-0.99)

  • Above median

 0.57 (0.43-0.75) 0.77 (0.64-0.92) 0.71 (0.61-0.82)
Mg 0.746 0.780 0.603

  • Below median

 0.58 (0.45-0.75) 0.89 (0.69-1.15) 0.72 (0.59-0.86)

  • Above median

 0.70 (0.53-0.93) 0.80 (0.67-0.95) 0.77 (0.67-0.90)
Zn 0.319 0.315 0.311

  • Below median

 0.64 (0.50-0.84) 0.78 (0.58-1.05) 0.71 (0.58-0.86)

  • Above median

 0.62 (0.47-0.81) 0.83 (0.70-0.99) 0.77 (0.67-0.89)
Cu 0.358 0.796 0.751

  • Below median

 0.68 (0.52-0.89) 0.96 (0.72-1.28) 0.79 (0.65-0.97)

  • Above median

 0.61 (0.47-0.80) 0.80 (0.67-0.94) 0.74 (0.65-0.86)

aMultivariable models were adjusted for all covariates except the one that was stratified.

1 serving = 28 g.