. 2017 Feb 22;46(3):1029–1056. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw319

Table 1.

Summary relative risks for high vs low and dose-response analyses and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, total cancer and mortality

Food group	Comparison	n	Cases	Participants	RR (95% CI)	I²	p_{heterogeneity}	Egger	References
Coronary heart disease
Fruit and vegetables	High vs low	16	18516	792197	0.87 (0.83–0.91)	0	0.52	0.21	²³^,²⁹^,³¹^,³²^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹³^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁸
	Per 200 g/d	15	17742	775132	0.92 (0.90–0.94)	0	0.96	0.12	²³^,²⁹^,³¹^,³²^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹⁴^,¹³²
Fruit	High vs low	25	40229	1568460	0.86 (0.82–0.91)	23.2	0.15	0.52	^9–11^,²²^,²³^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁶^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁰^,⁶³^,⁶⁴^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹¹^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁵^,^98–100^,¹⁰⁴
	Per 200 g/d	24	43336	1555553	0.90 (0.86–0.94)	43.7	0.01	0.04	⁹^,¹⁰^,²²^,²³^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁶^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁰^,^62–64^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹¹^,⁹²^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁵^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰⁴^,¹³²
Vegetables	High vs low	22	34754	2123415	0.87 (0.84–0.90)	1.9	0.43	0.03	⁹^,¹⁰^,²³^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁴^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹¹^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁵^,⁹⁸^,¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁴
	Per 200 g/d	20	20853	1047071	0.84 (0.79–0.90)	60.6	< 0.0001	0.001	⁹^,²²^,²³^,²⁷^,²⁹^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶²^,⁶⁴^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹¹^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁵^,¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁴^,¹³²
Stroke
Fruit and vegetables	High vs low	8	10560	226910	0.79 (0.71–0.88)	37.6	0.13	0.80	³¹^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,¹⁰⁹^,¹¹⁸^,¹²⁰^,¹²²
	Per 200 g/d	10	11644	303338	0.84 (0.76–0.92)	73.3	< 0.0001	0.08	³¹^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,^108–110^,¹¹⁸^,¹²⁰^,¹²²
Fruit	High vs low	17	46951	960337	0.82 (0.77–0.87)	36.3	0.07	0.60	¹¹^,^25–27^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁰^,⁶³^,⁶⁴^,¹⁰⁹^,^112–117
	Per 200 g/d	16	46203	964142	0.82 (0.74–0.90)	72.9	< 0.0001	0.62	^25–27^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁰^,^62–64^,¹⁰⁹^,^112–114^,¹¹⁶^,¹¹⁷^,¹²⁶
Vegetables	High vs low	13	14519	427124	0.87 (0.81–0.95)	38.2	0.08	0.82	^25–27^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,¹⁰⁹^,¹¹²^,¹¹³^,^115–117
	Per 200 g/d	13	14973	441670	0.87 (0.79–0.96)	63.4	0.001	0.15	^25–27^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶²^,⁶⁴^,¹⁰⁹^,¹¹²^,¹¹³^,¹¹⁶^,¹¹⁷^,¹²⁶
Cardiovascular disease
Fruit and vegetables	High vs low	16	27842	963240	0.84 (0.79–0.90)	53.5	0.006	0.005	¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁸^,³¹^,³⁹^,⁴²^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,⁷⁵^,^86–88^,⁹⁸^,¹²⁵
	Per 200 g/d	13	20329	877925	0.92 (0.90–0.95)	31.3	0.13	0.05	¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁸^,³¹^,³⁹^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,⁷⁵^,^86–88
Fruit	High vs low	21	81807	1605227	0.87 (0.82–0.92)	70.9	< 0.0001	0.99	¹¹^,¹⁶^,¹⁹^,²⁴^,²⁷^,^53–56^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁰^,⁶³^,⁶⁴^,⁷⁵^,⁷⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹⁸^,¹²⁴^,¹²⁵^,¹²⁷
	Per 200 g/d	17	72648	1492617	0.87 (0.82–0.92)	79.1	< 0.0001	0.41	¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁹^,²⁴^,²⁷^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,^60–64^,⁷⁵^,⁸⁸^,¹²⁷
Vegetables	High vs low	18	32049	1112174	0.89 (0.85–0.94)	43.2	0.03	0.05	¹⁶^,¹⁹^,²⁴^,²⁷^,^53–56^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁴^,⁷⁵^,⁷⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹⁸^,¹²⁴^,¹²⁵^,¹²⁷
	Per 200 g/d	14	23857	1009038	0.90 (0.87–0.93)	11.5	0.33	0.53	¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁹^,²⁴^,²⁷^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶²^,⁶⁴^,⁷⁵^,⁸⁸^,¹²⁷
Total cancer
Fruit and vegetables	High vs low	13	54123	904300	0.93 (0.87–0.98)	41.2	0.06	0.97	⁷^,⁸^,¹³^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁸^,²⁰^,⁴²^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁹^,⁸⁷^,¹²⁸
	Per 200 g/d	12	52872	902065	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	48.7	0.03	0.18	⁷^,⁸^,¹³^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁸^,²⁰^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁹^,⁸⁷^,¹²⁸
Fruit	High vs low	21	105401	1569168	0.92 (0.88–0.96)	49.3	0.006	0.16	^7–11^,¹³^,¹⁴^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,^19–21^,⁵³^,⁵⁴^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁷^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁵^,¹¹⁴^,¹²⁸
	Per 200 g/d	20	112370	1648240	0.96 (0.94–0.99)	52.1	0.004	0.05	^7–10^,¹³^,^15–17^,^19–21^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁷^,⁵⁹^,⁶¹^,⁶⁵^,¹¹⁴^,¹²⁸
Vegetables	High vs low	17	101118	1505948	0.95 (0.90–0.99)	52.6	0.006	0.25	^7–9^,¹³^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,^19–21^,⁵³^,⁵⁴^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁷^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁵^,¹²⁸
	Per 200 g/d	17	108855	1597722	0.96 (0.93–0.99)	55.2	0.003	0.47	^7–9^,¹³^,^15–17^,^19–21^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁷^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁵^,¹²⁸
All-cause mortality
Fruit and vegetables	High vs low	22	87574	1035556	0.82 (0.79–0.86)	62.3	<0.0001	0.001	¹⁸^,²⁹^,³¹^,³²^,³⁹^,^42–44^,^47–50^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁸^,⁷⁵^,⁸⁷^,⁹⁸^,¹³⁴^,¹⁶¹
	Per 200 g/d	15	71160	959083	0.90 (0.87–0.93)	82.5	<0.0001	<0.0001	¹⁸^,²⁹^,³¹^,³²^,³⁹^,⁴⁹^,⁵³^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁸^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁸^,⁷⁵^,⁸⁷^,¹³²^,¹³⁴
Fruit	High vs low	30	93473	>1144194	0.87 (0.84–0.90)	60.2	<0.0001	0.01	^9–11^,¹⁹^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁰^,³⁶^,³⁷^,⁴³^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁷^,^51–58^,⁶¹^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁸^,⁷⁵^,⁹⁸^,^135–137^,¹³⁹
	Per 200 g/d	27	94235	>1104255	0.85 (0.80–0.91)	89.5	<0.0001	0.10	⁹^,¹⁰^,¹⁹^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁰^,^35–37^,⁴⁰^,⁴³^,⁴⁵^,⁵²^,⁵³^,^56–58^,⁶¹^,⁶²^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁸^,⁷⁵^,^131–133^,¹³⁹
Vegetables	High vs low	24	82904	1082960	0.87 (0.82–0.92)	78.6	<0.0001	0.02	⁹^,¹⁹^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁴^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁷^,^51–58^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁸^,⁷⁵^,⁹⁸^,¹³⁶^,¹³⁷^,¹³⁹
	Per 200 g/d	22	86264	1050795	0.87 (0.82–0.92)	82.3	<0.0001	0.02	⁹^,¹⁹^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³³^,³⁵^,⁴⁰^,⁴⁵^,⁵²^,⁵³^,^56–58^,⁶²^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁸^,⁷⁵^,^131–133^,¹³⁹