Table 1.
List of studies currently involved in the PACE Consortium with basic study information
| Study | Study reference (PMID) | Study website | Design of base studya | Country | Year(s) of birth of base studya | Total N of base studya | Ethnicity | Sex, % female | Selection criteria for EWAS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALSPAC | 22507743, 25991711 | http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/ | Population-based birth cohort | UK | 1991–92 | 14 541 | 96.1% European | 49.7 | Selected based on availability of DNA samples at two time points for the mother and three time points for the offspring |
| BAMSE | 12688617, 27040690, 20860503, 23517042 | http://ki.se/en/imm/bamse-project | Population-based birth cohort | Sweden | 1994–96 | 4089 | >95% European | 49.5 | European, asthma cases and controls |
| CBC | 27403598, 26646725 | http://circle.berkeley.edu | Nested case-control within a population birth cohort | USA | 1982–2009 | 1200 | Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic others (African Americans, Asians, other and mixed ethnicity) | 40 | Adequate exposure data |
| CHAMACOS | 15238287, 23959097, 16203258 | http://cerch.berkeley.edu/research-programs/chamacos-study | Population-based birth cohort | USA | 1999–2000 | 601 | Mexican Americans | 50 (birth); 60 (2 y); 60 (5 y); 54 (9 y); 0 (12 y) | Repeat sampling of the same children |
| CHOP | 19386747, 24622805, 27171005, 25368978 | NA | Intervention study and birth cohort | Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Poland | 2002–04 | 1678 | European | 49.3 | Selected based on availability of DNA samples |
| CHS | 16675435, 22896588 | https://healthstudy.usc.edu/index.php | Population-based cohort | USA | 1995–97 | 5341 | 4% Asian; 4% Black; 35% non-Hispanic White; 55% Hispanic White | 49 | Non-Hispanic White or Hispanic White, GWAS availability, availability of air pollution exposure assessment and cardiorespiratory measures in follow-up |
| EARLI | 22958474 | http://www.earlistudy.org/ | Enriched autism risk pregnancy cohort | USA | 2009–12 | 232 | 60% European; 8% Black; 8% Asian; 24% Other | 47.4 | NA |
| EDEN | 26283636 | http://eden.vjf.inserm.fr/index.php/fr/ | Population-based birth cohort, enrolled before 24 weeks of pregnancy | France | 2003–06 | 2002 | European | 47.4 | European, complete follow-up |
| ENVIRONAGE | 23742113 | www.limburgsgeboortecohort.be | Population-based birth cohort | Belgium | 2010–16 | 1210 | 86% European | 49 | Random sample; questionnaire at birth available and availability of cord blood samples and placenta tissue |
| EPOCH | 23741625, 22508709, 22290537, 21238981, 20953862 | NA | Historical prospective cohort of GDM exposed and unexposed offspring | USA | 200510 | 604 | 56% non-Hispanic White; 33% Hispanic; 11% other | 46 | All exposed to GDM; 1:1 matched sample of unexposed |
| FLEHS I | 28160993, 19539994 | http://www.milieu-en-gezondheid.be/English/index.html | Population-based birth cohort | Belgium | 2002–04 | 1196 | European | 48 | Selected based on availability of DNA samples at two time points for the children; i.e. at birth from cord blood and at 11 years from blood and saliva |
| GALA II | 23684070, 23750510 | http://pharm.ucsf.edu/burchard/research/study-populations | Case-control | USA | Aged 8–21 at recruitment; recruited 2006–11 | 4157 | Latino | 50 | Random sample |
| GECKO | 18238823 | www.geckodrenthe.umcg.nl | Population-based birth cohort | The Netherlands | 2006–07 | 2874 | 95% European; 5% mixed | 49.7 | Case-control (cases: intrauterine smoke exposure) and complete follow-up |
| Generation R | 28070760, 25527369 | www.generationr.nl | Prospective population-based birth cohort | The Netherlands | 2002–06 | 9901 | 50% European; 50% mixed other | 49.3 | European, complete follow-up |
| Gen3G | 26842272 | NA | Population-based birth cohort | Canada | 2010–13 | 1034 | 95% European | 48 | Complete data during pregnancy and paired placenta + cord blood samples |
| GOYA | 21935397 | www.dnbc.dk | Case-cohort sample of the Danish National Birth Cohort, which is a population-based birth cohort | Denmark | 1996–2002 | 91 387 (DNBC) 3908 (GOYA) | European | 49 | 1000 children equally sampled from extreme obese GOYA mothers (cases) and GOYA control mothers |
| Healthy Start | 27133623, 26872289, 26663829, 26055075, 25646327, 25628236, 25574704 | http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/PublicHealth/research/ResearchProjects/Pages/healthystart.aspx | Pre-birth cohort | USA | 2009–14 | 1410 | 53% non-Hispanic White; 24% Hispanic; 17% non-Hispanic Black; 6% other | 51 | Available cord blood DNA, maternal serum and urine |
| ICAC/EPIGEN | 25769910, 27745942 | http://www.rhoworld.com/rho/services/projects/icac | Allergic asthma case-control | USA | 1998–2005 | 200 | 100% African American | 50 | High quality DNA and RNA samples |
| INMA | 21471022 | http://www.proyectoinma.org/ | Population-based birth cohort | Spain | 1997–2008 | 3768 | >90% European | 39 | Blood: available DNA from one of the subcohorts (Sabadell); placenta: selection of children with detailed information on exposures from 4 subcohorts (Sabadell, Gipuzkoa, Valencia and Asturias) |
| IoW F1 Generation | 22607991, 28183434 | www.allergyresearch.org.uk/ | Prospective cohort | UK | 1989–90 | 1456 | European | 49 | Random sample ∼2:1 F:M ratio of subjects with biological samples available at age 18 |
| IoW F2 Generation | 26199674, 28183434 | www.allergyresearch.org.uk/ | Prospective cohort | UK | 2012–17 | 420 (recruiting is continuing) | European | 44,3 | Recruited at birth with cord blood samples available |
| MoBa 1 | 27063603, 17031521, 27040690 | https://www.fhi.no/en/studies/moba/ | Population-based pregnancy cohort | Norway | 1999–2009 | 114479 | European | 48.7 | Asthma at 3 y plus cohort random sample |
| MoBa 2 | 27063603, 17031521, 27040690 | https://www.fhi.no/en/studies/moba/ | Population-based pregnancy cohort | Norway | 1999–2009 | 114479 | European | 48.7 | Asthma at 7 y, random noncases, cohort random sample |
| MoBa 3 | 27063603, 17031521, 27040690 | https://www.fhi.no/en/studies/moba/ | Population-based pregnancy cohort | Norway | 1999–2009 | 114479 | European | 48.7 | Case-control (childhood cancer and 2 controls per case matched on birth year only) |
| NCL | 17259187, 24906187 | https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/epi/studies/ncl/ | National population-based case-control study of cleft lip and cleft palate | Norway | 1996–2001 | 1336 | European | 43 | Random sample |
| NEST | 21255390, 21636975 | https://sites.duke.edu/nest/ | Population-based birth cohort | USA | 2005–09 | 895 women (936 mother-child pairs) | 53% African American; 43% European; 4% other | 49.5 | Follow-up height and weight data available |
| NFBC 1966 | NA | www.oulu.fi/nfbc | Population-based birth cohort | Finland | 1966 | 12 231 | European | 50 | Random sample |
| NFBC 1986 | NA | www.oulu.fi/nfbc | Population-based birth cohort | Finland | 1985–86 | 9362 | European | 50 | Random sample |
| NHBCS | 26771251, 26955061, 26359651, 23757598 | https://www.dartmouth.edu/∼childrenshealth/scientists.php | Prospective longitudinal pregnancy cohort | USA | 2009 ongoing | 1500 | Mostly European | 48.8 | Time-delimited sample with complete data |
| PIAMA | 23315435, 12688620 | piama.iras.uu.nl | Population-based birth cohort | The Netherlands | 1996–97 | 3963 | European | 48.2 | European; 4 y and 8 y for MeDALL asthma study; 16 y general population |
| Piccoli+ | 24506846 | www.piccolipiu.it | Population-based birth cohort | Italy | 2011–15 | 3338 | Mainly European | 48.7 | Random sample; resident in Turin, with growth data until at least 2 years of age and availability of cord blood samples |
| PREDO | 27639277 | NA | Birth cohort | Finland | 2006–10 | 1079 | European | 47 | NA |
| PRISM | 24476840, 25328835 | NA | Population-based prenatal cohort | USA | 2012–14 | 592 | 38% European; 39% Black/Haitian; 13% Hispanic; 10% other/mixed | 46 | Random sample |
| Project Viva | 24639442 | https://www.hms.harvard.edu/viva/index.html | Longitudinal pre-birth cohort | USA | 1999–2003 | 2128 | Maternal: 66.5% White; 16.5% Black; 7.3% Hispanic; 5.7% Asian; 3.9% other | 48.5 | Available venous cord blood or early childhood or mid-childhood blood sample, and genetic consent |
| Raine | 8105165, 26169918 | http://www.rainestudy.org.au/ | Population-based pregnancy cohort | Australia | 1989–91 | 2868 | 88.3% European; 2.3% Aboriginal; 9.4% other | 48.6 | DNA collected at 1-year-old follow up |
| Rhea | 19713286 | www.rhea.gr | Population-based birth cohort | Greece | 2007–08 | 1500 | Mainly European (91% Greek) | 49.6 | Random sample; resident in Heraklion region with cord blood and complete follow-up and clinical evaluation at 4 years |
| RICHS | 27004434 | NA | Population-based birth case-cohort | USA | 2009–14 | 840 | Mostly European | 50.3 | Time-delimited sample with complete data |
| SEED I | 22350336 | https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/seed.html | Autism case-control | USA | 2003–06 | 3899 | 56.4% European; 12% Black; 3.8% Asian; 25.2% admixed | 33 | Autism case or population control |
| STOPPA | 25900604 | http://ki.se/meb/stoppa | Population-based twin cohort | Sweden | 1997–2004 | 752 | Mostly European | 47 | All with blood samples available |
NA, not available; y, years; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; F, female; M, male.
aBase study refers to the underlying study population from which the EWAS subjects came.