Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Healthy controls | Parkinson’s disease | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 76, female = 26 | n = 168, female = 63 | |||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age, years | 59.89 | 10.18 | 61.52 | 9.42 |
| Disease duration, months | 7.23 | 7.52 | ||
| UPDRS-MDS* | 3.47 | 3.67 | 30.79 | 13.06 |
| MoCA | ||||
| At baseline* | 28.25 | 1.16 | 27.49 | 2.13 |
| At 2-year follow-up* | 27.46 | 2.18 | 26.66 | 2.74 |
| HVLT (immediate recall) | 25.66 | 4.42 | 25.21 | 5.25 |
| HVLT (delayed recall) | 9.08 | 2.29 | 8.67 | 2.49 |
| Letter number sequencing | 11.39 | 2.46 | 10.65 | 2.79 |
| Symbol digit substitution* | 46.59 | 9.96 | 41.78 | 9.7 |
| Semantic fluency | 51.72 | 10.53 | 49.52 | 11.3 |
| Benton JLO | 13.41 | 1,57 | 12.85 | 2.01 |
HVLT = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; JLO = judgement of line orientation; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-Movement Disorder Society.
*Significantly different between participants with Parkinson’s disease and healthy controls at P < 0.05 (age corrected).