Table 3.

Mean Abundance Sequence Counts by Taxonomic Rank in Fecal 16S rRNA Collected From Rats Exposed to Aloin in the Drinking Water for 13 Weeks

					Aloin Concentration (mg/kg) in Dose Formulations
Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus	0	6.95	13.9		27.8	55.7		111		223		446
					Percentage (%) of Total Sequence Reads per Samplea
Actinobacteria					0.32*	0.31	0.20	0.25			0.24		0.62		0.87		1.30*
	Actinobacteria				0.10*	0.10	0.04	0.04			0.07		0.48		0.82*		1.25*
		Bifidobacteriales	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacterium	0.08*	0.08	0.02	0.02			0.05		0.46		0.81*		1.23*
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales			31.14*	32.57	33.09	32.80			35.50		39.44*		49.45*		45.46*
			Bacteroidaceae	Bacteroides	1.91	1.98	2.15	1.90			2.88		2.36		2.62		2.27
			Odoribacteraceae	Odoribacter	2.71*	2.25	2.07	2.01			2.46		2.55		0.27*		0.25*
			Porphyromonadaceae	Parabacteroides	1.39*	1.85	1.84	2.15			1.78		2.17		3.55*		3.96*
			Prevotellaceae	Prevotella	7.63*	7.5	9.32	8.25			8.25		8.84		13.25*		12.74*
			Rikenellaceae		6.27*	7.45	6.00	5.78			8.64		9.23		6.89		5.49
				Unidentified	5.89	6.99	5.57	5.62			8.58		9.12		6.76		5.41
			S24-7	Unidentified	11.22*	11.54	11.73	12.71			11.49		14.30		22.86*		20.75*
Cyanobacteria	4C0d-2	YS2	Unidentified	Unidentified	0.45*	0.51	1.27	0.78			0.66		0.65		1.38		2.47*
Firmicutes					60.83*	56.65	57.61	58.13			55.21		49.26*		34.10*		35.49*
	Bacilli				6.61*	5.33	3.92	4.77			5.04		7.43		3.27*		4.25
		Lactobacillales			5.55*	4.62	3.52	4.33			4.65		6.64		2.48*		3.22*
			Lactobacillaceae	Lactobacillus	5.53*	4.61	3.51	4.32			4.63		6.62		2.47*		3.21*
		Turicibacterales	Turicibacteraceae	Turicibacter	1.06	0.71	0.40	0.43			0.39		0.78		0.79		1.03
	Clostridia	Clostridiales			54.07*	51.25	53.51	53.20			50.05		41.53*		29.47*		30.13*
			Clostridiaceae		1.65*	1.06	0.60	0.76			1.11		1.86		1.80		2.76
				Unidentified	0.84*	0.65	0.28	0.45			0.75		1.19		0.96		1.6
			Lachnospiraceae		7.81*	7.62	7.16	5.68			5.89		6.77		5.44		5.94
				Blautia	0.24*	0.13	0.20	0.18			0.13		0.94		2.32*		2.93*
				Coprococcus	1.26	1.20	1.34	0.55			0.32		0.48		1.14		0.93
				Ruminococcus	0.63*	1.07*	0.88	0.80			0.73		0.52		0.17*		0.17*
				Unidentified	4.66*	4.40	3.93	3.27			4.19		4.17		1.46*		1.56*
			Ruminococcaceae		22.19*	18.95	21.69	24.07			17.87		13.77		13.7*		13.48*
				Oscillospira	5.20*	5.51	6.15	6.60			6.64		4.00		1.45*		1.04*
				Ruminococcus	3.70*	3.13	3.35	4.52			3.29		2.36		0.89*		0.92*
				Unidentified	13.3	10.31	12.20	12.95			7.94*		7.40*		11.37		11.52
			Unidentified	Unidentified	21.05*	22.59	23.02	21.66			23.99		17.77		7.23*		6.36*
	Erysipelotrichi	Erysipelotrichales	Erysipelotrichaeae		0.15*	0.06	0.18	0.16			0.12		0.31		1.36*		1.11*
Proteobacteria					1.09*	0.94	1.23	1.28			1.14		1.57		2.55*		2.96*
	Alphaproteobacteria				0.41*	0.36	0.59	0.71			0.57		0.59		1.05*		1.62*
		RF32	Unidentified	Unidentified	0.40*	0.35	0.57	0.70			0.55		0.58		1.04*		1.61*
	Betaproteobacteria	Burkholderiales	Alcaligenacea	Sutterella	0.46*	0.29	0.29	0.37			0.29		0.73		1.41*		1.08
Tenericutes					1.51*	1.19	1.38	1.01			0.86		1.09		0.61*		0.53*
	Mollicutes				1.49*	1.16	1.33	0.96			0.83		0.99		0.56*		0.36*
		RF39	Unidentified	Unidentified	1.37*	1.06	1.30	0.94			0.81		0.85		0.53		0.27*
TM7	TM7-3	CW040	F16	Unidentified	1.27*	1.87	1.06	1.28			0.79		0.65		0.50		0.11
Verrucomicrobia	Verrucomicrobiae	Verrucomicrobiales	Verrucomicrobiaceae	Akkermansia	3.39*	5.95	4.17	4.47			5.58		6.71		10.55*		11.68*

^aValues are least square means (n = 5) of sequence counts per sample for the phylotypes as a percent of 190 000 total sequence counts per sample (range 193 597–408 656; median: 308 142 counts). Under the 0 aloin dose column, an “*” indicates significant results of linear trend tests with increasing doses of aloin. Under the aloin dose treatment columns, an “*” indicates significant results of pairwise comparison tests with the vehicle control group. All statistical tests were two-sided and significant P-values were defined at a probability level of .05 or below (P ≤ .05). P-values ≤ .05 are shown in bold face type.