Table 1.

Participant demographic information

	Total (n = 536)	No cardiovascular disease (n = 395)	With cardiovascular disease (n = 141)	P-value
Age, years	64.1$\pm$9.2	63.6$\pm$9.5	66.4$\pm$7.5	0.004
Male	290 (54)	197 (50)	93 (66)	<0.001
Caucasian	107 (20)	75 (19)	32(22)	0.330
BMI (kg/m2)	29.6$\pm$5.2	29.6$\pm$5.2	29.7$\pm$5.3	0.847
Systolic BP, mm Hg	131.9$\pm$22.0	130.6$\pm$21.2	137.4$\pm$24.6	0.004
Diastolic BP, mm Hg	71.9$\pm$10.2	71.6$\pm$10.0	73.3$\pm$11.6	0.056
Heart Rate, beats per min	66.9$\pm$10.3	66.9$\pm$10.1	67.4$\pm$1.3	0.666
Current Cigarette Smoking	70 (13)	43 (11)	27 (19)	0.332
Pack years	15.0$\pm$12.9	14.6$\pm$12.3	16.4$\pm$15.3	0.184
Total cholesterol, pmol/L	188.4$\pm$37.9	188.9$\pm$37.0	186.4$\pm$41.7	0.271
HDL cholesterol, pmol/L	46.3$\pm$13.0	46.7$\pm$13.0	44.7$\pm$12.8	0.077
Antihypertensive use (%)	338 (63)	237 (60)	101 (72)	0.014
Statin use (%)	158 (29)	102 (26)	56 (40)	0.003
Left ventricular mass, g	157.3$\pm$42.7	152.3$\pm$39.6	179.3$\pm$48.6	<0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	159.9$\pm 57.0$	159.6$\pm 55.1$	162.0$\pm 68.0$	0.724
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.98$\pm$0.63	0.95$\pm$0.12	1.19$\pm 0.15$	0.001

The Student t-test was used to test for between-group differences in independent continuous variables. The chi² test was used to test for differences between categorical variables.