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. 2017 Jul 12;46(6):1985–1998. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyx102

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© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Weighted^a empirical density function of all individual-instrument ratio causal effect estimates ( ${\hat{β}}_{R}_{j}$ ) of plasma LDL-C (panel A), HDL-C (panel B), triglycerides (panel C) and urate (panel D) levels on ln(odds ratio) of coronary heart disease for different values of the tuning parameter $ϕ$ . LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The dashed line indicates the zero value. ^aWeights were calculated without making the NOME assumption.