Table 3.
Adjusted mean changes in blood lead and urine cadmium concentrations comparing National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999–2004 to 1988–94a
| Blood lead (μg/dL) |
Urine cadmium (μg/g) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level of adjustment | Log-transformed mean change (95% CI) | Geometric mean ratio (95% CI) | Log-transformed mean change (95% CI) | Geometric mean ratio (95% CI) |
| Adjusted for age, sex and race | –0.54 (–0.60, –0.48) | 0.58 (0.55, 0.62) | –0.37 (–0.42, –0.31) | 0.69 (0.66, 0.73) |
| Adjusted for age, sex, race and smoking statusb | –0.52 (–0.57, –0.46) | 0.60 (0.56, 0.63) | –0.32 (–0.37, –0.27) | 0.72 (0.69, 0.76) |
| Adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking status and the other log-metal | –0.48 (–0.54, –0.42) | 0.62 (0.58, 0.65) | –0.23 (–0.29, –0.17) | 0.80 (0.75, 0.84) |
aObtained from linear regression models of log-transformed lead and cadmium concentrations by survey period indicators and progressive degrees of adjustment.
bFurther adjustment for other baseline cardiovascular risk factors (physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, high total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol and lipid-lowering medication) did not materially affect the results.