Table 2.

Demographics and clinical characteristics from functional studies included in the meta-analysis

	No. of participants		Mean age, yr		Clinical data				Methodological aspects
Study	Patients/men	Controls/men	Patients	Controls	Diagnosis	Drug status	Illness duration, mo	PANSS, T/P/N	Task	Intensity	Slice thickness, mm	FWHM, mm	Correction step	Quality score
Hofer et al27	10/NA	10/NA	30.9	29.2	SCZ	drug-free†	52.5	40/21.4/19.3	RM	1.5 T	3	9	Yes	12
Jones et al49	7/6	8/6	28.4	27.2	FES	drug-naive	NA	79.1/NA/NA	VF	1.5 T	3	7.2	NA	9.5
Weiss et al50	8/8	8/8	29.5	26.89	6, FES	drug-free‡	28.25	72.25/20/17.01	ST	1.5 T	3	8	Yes	11
Boksman et al51	10/9	10/9	22	23	FES	drug-free§	17	NA/NA/NA	WF	4.0 T	6	8	Yes	10.5
Scheuerecker et al29	23/19	23/19	31.6	32.6	FES	drug-free¶	26.4	NA/21.7/28.1	WM	1.5 T	4	8	Yes	12
Scheef et al35	11/8	25/12	32	30	8, FES	drug-free**	NA	43.1/20.2/21.4	RS	1.5 T	8	12	Yes	11.5
De la Fuente-Sandoval et al52	12/10	13/10	23.6	26.1	6, FES	drug-free††	17	86.7/20.5/22.5	PS	3.0 T	5	8	Yes	12
Nejad et al53	23/18	35/11	26.18	26.84	FES	drug-naive	NA	82.96/19.52/22.91	WM	3.0 T	3	8	Yes	11.5
Ren et al31	100/41	100/41	24.3	24.39	FES	drug-naive	6.25	97.88/25.11/18.84	RS	3.0 T	5	6	Yes	12
Bin et al54	15/9	15/8	26.27	24.73	FES	drug-naive	7.1	96.45/32.27/18.91	AS	1.5 T	6	8	No	11
Hadley et al33	21/17	21/11	36	35.5	6, FES	drug-free‡‡	13.3	NA/NA/NA	RS	3.0 T	4	6	Yes	11.5
Schlagenhauf et al55	24/22	24/22	27.5	27.2	15, FES	drug-free§§	28.8	85.6/22.2/21.6	RL	3.0 T	4	8	Yes	12
Guo et al34	49/30	50/23	22.69	23.48	FES	drug-naive	22.45	91.31/22.27/22.82	RS	3.0 T	4	8	Yes	12
Lesh et al56	23/18	37/27	20.2	19.7	FES	drug-free¶¶	7	NA/NA/NA	CPT	1.5 T	4	10	Yes	11.5
Zheng et al32	35/20	30/13	15.5	15.43	FES	drug-naive	6.6	74.62/20.42/20.91	RS	3.0 T	4	6	Yes	12
Cui et al30 (1)*	17/10	19/10	13.71	14.74	FES	drug-naive	6.51	106.24/31.12/25.53	RS	3.0 T	4	4	Yes	12
Cui et al30 (2)	15/8	19/10	13.4	14.71	FES	drug-naive	10.2	88.07/17.93/22.73	RS	3.0 T	4	4	Yes	12

AS = auditory stimuli; CPT = Continuous Performance Task; FES = first-episode schizophrenia; FWHM = full width at half maximum; N = negative; NA = not available; P = positive; PANSS: Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale; PS = pain-tolerance stimuli; RL = Reversal Learning Task; RM = Warrington’s Recognition Memory Test; RS = resting state. SCZ = schizophrenia; ST = Stroop task; T = total; VF = verbal fluency; WF = word fluency; WM: working memory.

^*This study divided patients into 2 data sets according to different symptoms.

^†Except anxiolytics or benzodiazepine derivatives, which were paused on the day of the study, none of the patients received any psychotropic medication at the time of the study.

^‡Six patients were neuroleptic-naive and 2 were experiencing an acute exacerbation of positive symptoms due to noncompliance with antipsychotic medication.

^§None of the patients had received antipsychotic medication, but 1 patient had received 20 mg of citalopram for 2 months that was stopped after 2 weeks.

^¶Twenty patients were drug-naive, 3 patients were scanned after a wash-out period of 3 days.

^**Patients have not taken or have been taking medication for a minimum of 2 weeks.

^††Antipsychotic-free for at least 1 month.

^‡‡All patients were off antipsychotic medications for at least 10 days.

^§§The 15 first-episode patients were drug-naive; the remaining 9 received antipsychotic treatment with second-generation antipsychotics and had stopped for at least 3 weeks.

^¶¶Seventeen were antipsychotic-naive and the remaining 5 had discontinued medication more than 1 month before the study.