Table 2.
Cardiac Arrest Characteristics and Associations with Outcomes
| Characteristic | Overall | Survived to 12 months | P-valuea | VABS-II decreased by ≤ 15 pointsb | P-valuea | Survived to 12 months with VABS-II ≥ 70b | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 329 | 155/327 (47.4%) | 93/317 (29.3%) | 96/257 (37.4%) | |||
| Primary etiology of cardiac arrest | 0.675 | 0.332 | 0.901 | ||||
| Cardiovascular eventc | 214 (65.0%) | 99/213 (46.5%) | 59/206 (28.6%) | 63/171 (36.8%) | |||
| Respiratory event | 100 (30.4%) | 50/99 (50.5%) | 32/97 (33.0%) | 29/74 (39.2%) | |||
| Other | 15 (4.6%) | 6/15 (40.0%) | 2/14 (14.3%) | 4/12 (33.3%) | |||
| Initial cardiac arrest rhythm | 0.003 | 0.368 | <.001 | ||||
| Asystole | 24 (7.3%) | 4/24 (16.7%) | 3/24 (12.5%) | 2/17 (11.8%) | |||
| Bradycardia | 189 (57.4%) | 85/187 (45.5%) | 53/181 (29.3%) | 48/143 (33.6%) | |||
| Pulseless electrical activity | 69 (21.0%) | 39/69 (56.5%) | 21/67 (31.3%) | 25/58 (43.1%) | |||
| Ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia | 34 (10.3%) | 22/34 (64.7%) | 12/33 (36.4%) | 20/30 (66.7%) | |||
| Unknown | 13 (4.0%) | 5/13 (38.5%) | 4/12 (33.3%) | 1/9 (11.1%) | |||
| Duration of chest compressions | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.004 | ||||
| Less than or equal to 15 minutes | 138 (41.9%) | 78/137 (56.9%) | 52/129 (40.3%) | 51/103 (49.5%) | |||
| More than 15 to less than or equal to 30 minutes | 53 (16.1%) | 23/53 (43.4%) | 14/53 (26.4%) | 11/37 (29.7%) | |||
| More than 30 minutes | 138 (41.9%) | 54/137 (39.4%) | 27/135 (20.0%) | 34/117 (29.1%) | |||
| Total number of doses of adrenaline administered | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.011 | ||||
| 0 | 15 (4.6%) | 11/15 (73.3%) | 9/14 (64.3%) | 8/12 (66.7%) | |||
| 1 | 38 (11.6%) | 22/38 (57.9%) | 14/35 (40.0%) | 12/27 (44.4%) | |||
| 2 | 52 (15.8%) | 28/51 (54.9%) | 18/51 (35.3%) | 20/43 (46.5%) | |||
| 3 | 36 (10.9%) | 20/36 (55.6%) | 11/31 (35.5%) | 12/25 (48.0%) | |||
| 4 | 31 (9.4%) | 18/31 (58.1%) | 10/30 (33.3%) | 11/26 (42.3%) | |||
| More than 4 | 156 (47.4%) | 55/155 (35.5%) | 30/155 (19.4%) | 32/123 (26.0%) | |||
| Unknown | 1 (0.3%) | 1/1 (100.0%) | 1/1 (100.0%) | 1/1 (100.0%) | |||
| Adrenaline Dosing Intervald | 0.004 | 0.022 | 0.005 | ||||
| No adrenaline recorded | 15 (4.6%) | 11/15 (73.3%) | 9/14 (64.3%) | 8/12 (66.7%) | |||
| < 3 min/dose | 77 (23.4%) | 35/76 (46.1%) | 23/74 (31.1%) | 23/56 (41.1%) | |||
| 3 – < 5 min/dose | 85 (25.8%) | 51/85 (60.0%) | 26/81 (32.1%) | 32/66 (48.5%) | |||
| 5 – < 8 min/dose | 72 (21.9%) | 25/71 (35.2%) | 16/70 (22.9%) | 14/56 (25.0%) | |||
| ≥ 8 min/dose | 79 (24.0%) | 32/79 (40.5%) | 18/77 (23.4%) | 18/66 (27.3%) | |||
| Unknown | 1 (0.3%) | 1/1 (100.0%) | 1/1 (100.0%) | 1/1 (100.0%) | |||
| Time of arreste | 0.423 | 0.355 | 0.531 | ||||
| Day | 226 (68.7%) | 110/225 (48.9%) | 68/220 (30.9%) | 68/176 (38.6%) | |||
| Night | 103 (31.3%) | 45/102 (44.1%) | 25/97 (25.8%) | 28/81 (34.6%) | |||
| Day of arrestf | 0.774 | 0.890 | 0.758 | ||||
| Weekday | 272 (82.7%) | 127/270 (47.0%) | 77/261 (29.5%) | 79/209 (37.8%) | |||
| Weekend | 57 (17.3%) | 28/57 (49.1%) | 16/56 (28.6%) | 17/48 (35.4%) | |||
| Location of arrest within hospital | 0.962 | 0.921 | 0.514 | ||||
| Emergency department | 43 (13.1%) | 21/42 (50.0%) | 13/42 (31.0%) | 10/29 (34.5%) | |||
| Non-intensive care inpatient ward | 34 (10.3%) | 15/34 (44.1%) | 9/32 (28.1%) | 7/27 (25.9%) | |||
| Intensive care unit (includes intermediate care) | 202 (61.4%) | 97/201 (48.3%) | 58/194 (29.9%) | 63/159 (39.6%) | |||
| Operating room | 27 (8.2%) | 13/27 (48.1%) | 7/26 (26.9%) | 9/20 (45.0%) | |||
| Other clinical location | 20 (6.1%) | 8/20 (40.0%) | 6/20 (30.0%) | 7/19 (36.8%) | |||
| Non-clinical location | 3 (0.9%) | 1/3 (33.3%) | 0/3 (0.0%) | 0/3 (0.0%) | |||
| IV present at the time of arrest | 0.601 | 0.702 | 0.071 | ||||
| No | 25 (7.6%) | 10/25 (40.0%) | 5/23 (21.7%) | 3/20 (15.0%) | |||
| Yes | 301 (91.5%) | 143/299 (47.8%) | 87/291 (29.9%) | 93/236 (39.4%) | |||
| Unable to determine | 3 (0.9%) | 2/3 (66.7%) | 1/3 (33.3%) | 0/1 (0.0%) | |||
| Intubated at the time of arrest | 0.365 | 0.085 | 0.422 | ||||
| No | 112 (34.0%) | 56/111 (50.5%) | 34/106 (32.1%) | 33/91 (36.3%) | |||
| Yes | 213 (64.7%) | 96/212 (45.3%) | 56/207 (27.1%) | 62/165 (37.6%) | |||
| Unable to determine | 4 (1.2%) | 3/4 (75.0%) | 3/4 (75.0%) | 1/1 (100.0%) | |||
| Previous ICU admission during current hospitalization | 0.253 | 0.066 | 0.284 | ||||
| No | 270 (82.1%) | 131/268 (48.9%) | 82/260 (31.5%) | 82/211 (38.9%) | |||
| Yes | 59 (17.9%) | 24/59 (40.7%) | 11/57 (19.3%) | 14/46 (30.4%) | |||
| Number of defibrillation attempts | 0.935 | 0.793 | 0.278 | ||||
| None | 260 (79.0%) | 124/259 (47.9%) | 72/250 (28.8%) | 69/199 (34.7%) | |||
| 1 | 22 (6.7%) | 9/22 (40.9%) | 7/21 (33.3%) | 7/18 (38.9%) | |||
| 2 | 23 (7.0%) | 10/23 (43.5%) | 7/23 (30.4%) | 10/22 (45.5%) | |||
| 3 | 8 (2.4%) | 4/8 (50.0%) | 2/8 (25.0%) | 4/8 (50.0%) | |||
| 4 | 6 (1.8%) | 3/6 (50.0%) | 1/6 (16.7%) | 2/2 (100.0%) | |||
| More than 4 | 8 (2.4%) | 5/8 (62.5%) | 4/8 (50.0%) | 4/7 (57.1%) | |||
| Unknown | 2 (0.6%) | 0/1 (0.0%) | 0/1 (0.0%) | 0/1 (0.0%) | |||
| Open chest cardiac compressions | 0.058 | 0.043 | 0.036 | ||||
| No | 273 (83.0%) | 122/271 (45.0%) | 71/263 (27.0%) | 73/212 (34.4%) | |||
| Yes | 56 (17.0%) | 33/56 (58.9%) | 22/54 (40.7%) | 23/45 (51.1%) | |||
| ECMO at treatment initiationg | 0.006 | 0.001 | <.001 | ||||
| No | 149 (45.3%) | 82/147 (55.8%) | 54/140 (38.6%) | 51/100 (51.0%) | |||
| Yes | 180 (54.7%) | 73/180 (40.6%) | 39/177 (22.0%) | 45/157 (28.7%) |
a
All p-values from chi-squared test of no association
b
VABS-II is Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition
c
Cardiovascular event includes cardiovascular events due congenital heart disease and not due to congenital heart disease
d
Associations were also examined after excluding the category “No adrenaline recorded.” Dosing interval was found to be associated with Survival to month 12 (p=0.039), but not with either VABS-II decreased by ≤15 points (p=0.43) or Survival with VABS-II≥70 (p=0.14).
e
Day is defined as 7:00 AM to 6:59 PM; night as 7:00 PM to 6:59 AM
f
Weekday is defined as Monday 12:00 AM to Friday 11:59 PM; weekend as Saturday 12:00 AM to Sunday 11:59 PM
g
ECMO is extracorporeal membrane oxygenation