Table 5.

Three‐level hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for AFLP, u‐MSAP and m‐MSAP data sets among sites, among populations within sites (among Pops,) and within populations (within Pops)

Source	df	% variation	Ф‐statistics
Genetic variation based on AFLP
Among sites	6	7	0.067**
Among Pops	7	2	0.086**
Within Pops	181	91	0.020*
Epigenetic variations based on u‐MSAP
Among Sites	6	2	0.020**
Among Pops	7	1	0.011*
Within Pops	181	97	0.030**
Epigenetic variations based on m‐MSAP
Among Sites	6	2	0.023**
Among Pops	7	0	0.0005
Within Pops	181	98	0.024**

df, degrees of freedom.

Ф‐statistics were calculated using 9,999 permutations.

*p ≤ .01, **p ≤ .0001.