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. 2018 Mar 5;8:4031. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22280-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fluorescent microscopy was performed for cell transfection visualisation. Cells with pMaxGFP and no electrospray (a–c). Electrospray mediated pMaxGFP transfection (d–f). Image processing was performed using Fiji image processing. Electrospray was performed with sucrose-based media with osmolarity of 370 mOsm. Working distance of 4 mm, flow rate of 20 µl/min with 3 kV voltage. 10 min incubation time was used. Analysis was performed after 24 hours.