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. 2018 Mar 1;9:351. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00351

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Copyright © 2018 Fresno and Gironès.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed model for susceptibility to T. cruzi infection. (A) In the non-susceptible scenario, Treg cells allow a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, able to control parasite replication by Th1/M1 response than later shifts to Th2/M2 for resolution of inflammation and healing damaged tissues; Th17 cells play a protective role. (B) In the susceptible context the lack of Treg cells conduces to an unbalanced immune response were MDSCs expand and consume L-arginine pools, that together with high levels of ADMA, inhibit NO production by iNOS losing the control of parasite replication; there is also expansion of pathogenic Th17. The size of the different cells (colored circles with names) denotes the magnitude of their expansion. Green arrows indicate activation. Red arrows indicate suppression/inhibition.