Table 2.
Pre- and posttest scores for psychological measures (mean ± standard error of mean).
| Training with TCSSL (experimental group)b | Active control | Planned contrast | P valuec | Effect size (d)d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretest scores | Posttest scores | Pretest scores | Posttest scores | ||||
| English listening test (score) | 268.1 ± 53.46 | 252.24 ± 53.2 | 283.93 ± 47.25 | 269.64 ± 46.54 | Experimental > control | 0.884 | −8.33 × 10−3 |
| English reading test (score) | 232.93 ± 57.98 | 221.72 ± 55.04 | 230.00 ± 60.29 | 238.7 ± 54.65 | Experimental > control | 0.938 | −0.0282 |
| RAPMa (score) | 26.61 ± 4.43 | 29.24 ± 4.16 | 28.79 ± 4.80 | 31.03 ± 4.67 | Experimental > control | 0.576 | −2.09 × 10−4 |
| Digit span (score) | 37.17 ± 7.16 | 37.72 ± 8.69 | 38.90 ± 7.49 | 38.76 ± 7.10 | Experimental > control | 0.417 | 3.85 × 10−4 |
| Listening span test (score) | 12.79 ± 2.67 | 13.38 ± 3.03 | 12.68 ± 3.34 | 12.96 ± 2.86 | Experimental > control | 0.311 | 3.86 × 10−3 |
| Word-color task (items) | 67.69 ± 9.04 | 75.90 ± 8.22 | 72.28 ± 6.21 | 77.17 ± 6.53 | Experimental > control | 0.236 | 6.36 × 10−3 |
| Color-word task (items) | 52.97 ± 5.26 | 53.83 ± 7.49 | 53.48 ± 5.65 | 55.52 ± 6.94 | Experimental > control | 0.840 | −6.05 × 10−3 |
| Reverse Stroop task (items) | 60.90 ± 6.06 | 63.69 ± 7.42 | 62.76 ± 5.58 | 65.34 ± 8.13 | Two tailed | 0.893 | 1.47 × 10−4 |
| Stroop task (items) | 48.72 ± 6.75 | 51.38 ± 7.14 | 51.76 ± 6.52 | 53.69 ± 7.14 | Two tailed | 0.688 | 8.53 × 10−4 |
| Simple arithmetic (items) | 31.93 ± 5.15 | 32.45 ± 6.17 | 32.52 ± 5.14 | 32.43 ± 4.54 | Experimental > control | 0.260 | 2.38 × 10−3 |
| Complex arithmetic (items) | 7.55 ± 4.45 | 7.90 ± 4.48 | 6.72 ± 2.18 | 7.53 ± 2.14 | Experimental > control | 0.859 | −3.22 × 10−3 |
| Japanese reading comprehension (items) | 14.31 ± 4.42 | 18.38 ± 6.42 | 13.66 ± 3.76 | 18 ± 5.36 | Experimental > control | 0.633 | −8.63 × 10−4 |
| SA creativity test (total grade) | 25.41 ± 6.12 | 24.31 ± 5.25 | 25.34 ± 5.55 | 25.34 ± 6.00 | Two tailed | 0.379 | −9.01 × 10−3 |
aRaven's advanced progressive matrices; btime-compressed speech training; cone-way analysis of covariance with test-retest differences in psychological measures as dependent variables and pretest scores of the psychological measures as covariates; deffect size estimates were calculated using Cohen's d.