Figure 4.

3D bioprinting approaches towards the clinical translation of cell-based therapies. (a) Kenzan Method, based on an automated system for cell spheroid bioprinting, allows the deposition of 3D spheroids on a microneedle array as a support for the production of scaffold-free 3D constructs [75]. (b) Schematic illustration of Biopen, a handheld device constituted of two bioink chambers, a collinear nozzle, and a UV crosslinking source for the in situ deposition of cell-laden methacrylated hydrogels (adapted from [79]).