Table 2.
Prevalence differences in psychiatric disorders in men and women with and without ADHD. Effect modification by gender evaluated on an additive scale
| Psychiatric disorders (ICD‐10) | Crude prevalences, No. (%) | Prevalence, % (95% CI)a | Additive effect modificationb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | Non‐ADHD | ADHD | Non‐ADHD | PDc (95% CI) | RERId (95% CI) | |
| Anxiety disorders (F40–42) | ||||||
| Women | 4676 (26.3) | 54 479 (6.7) | 28.7 (28.2–29.3) | 6.6 (6.6–6.7) | 22.1 (21.6–22.6) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7)a, e |
| Men | 4054 (18.2) | 28 364 (3.3) | 14.8 (14.5–15.1) | 3.4 (3.4–3.5) | 11.4 (11.1–11.7) | |
| Bipolar disorder (F30–31 or medication)f | ||||||
| Women | 2290 (12.9) | 13 183 (1.6) | 13.5 (13.1–13.9) | 1.6 (1.6–1.6) | 11.9 (11.5–12.3) | 3.4 (2.7–4.0)a |
| Men | 1981 (8.9) | 9009 (1.1) | 8.9 (8.7–9.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 7.9 (7.6–8.1) | |
| Major depressive disorder (F32–33) | ||||||
| Women | 5138 (28.8) | 61 880 (7.6) | 31.9 (31.4–32.5) | 7.5 (7.5–7.6) | 24.4 (23.8–24.9) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)a |
| Men | 4516 (20.3) | 33 733 (4.0) | 17.1 (16.8–17.5) | 4.1 (4.0–4.1) | 13.1 (12.8–13.4) | |
| Personality disorder (F60–61) | ||||||
| Women | 2428 (13.6) | 14 079 (1.7) | 14.0 (13.6–14.5) | 1.7 (1.7–1.7) | 12.3 (11.9–12.7) | 3.8 (3.2–4.4)a |
| Men | 2030 (9.1) | 8909 (1.1) | 8.7 (8.4–8.9) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 7.6 (7.3–7.9) | |
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (F20–29) | ||||||
| Women | 444 (2.5) | 4621 (0.6) | 2.7 (2.5–2.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) | 2.1 (2.0–2.3) | −1.8 (−2.2; −1.3)a |
| Men | 928 (4.2) | 7352 (0.9) | 4.1 (3.9–4.3) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 3.3 (3.0–3.5) | |
| Substance use disorder (F10–19) | ||||||
| Women | 2878 (16.2) | 17 200 (2.1) | 15.8 (15.4–16.1) | 2.1 (2.1–2.1) | 13.7 (13.3–14.0) | −2.9 (−3.1; −2.7)a |
| Men | 6135 (27.5) | 30 233 (3.6) | 26.6 (26.1–27.1) | 3.6 (3.5–3.6) | 23.0 (22.5–23.5) | |
ICD‐10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, World Health Organization; CI, confidence interval; PD, prevalence difference; RERI, relative excess in risk due to interaction.
Prevalence adjusted for birth year (5‐year groups, from 1967 to 1997, with 1967–1973 as the reference period).
Female gender as reference group.
Prevalence Difference (PD) between adults with and without ADHD, adjusted for birth year as above.
Relative Excess in Risk due to Interaction (RERI) adjusted for birth year as above.
P‐value of interaction on an additive scale, all P < 0.001.
Medication: lithium during 2004–2015 or anti‐epileptic drugs with mood disorders as the indication during 2008–2015.