Table 3.
Prevalence ratios of psychiatric disorders men and women with and without ADHD. Effect modification by gender evaluated on a multiplicative scale
| Psychiatric disorders | Crude prevalences, No. (%) | Prevalence ratios (95% CI) | Attributable fraction (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | Non‐ADHD | Crudea | Model 1b | Model 2c | AFEd | PAFe | |
| Anxiety Disorders | P < 0.001f | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | g | |||
| Women | 4676 (26.3) | 54 479 (6.7) | 3.7 (3.7–3.8) | 3.6 (3.5–3.7) | 3.4 (3.3–3.5) | 73.3 (72.6–74.0) | 5.8 (5.6–6.0) |
| Men | 4054 (18.2) | 28 364 (3.3) | 5.3 (5.2–5.5) | 5.1 (4.9–5.2) | 4.7 (4.5–4.8) | 81.2 (80.6–81.7) | 10.2 (9.8–10.5) |
| Bipolar Disorder | P = 0.03 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.07 | ||||
| Women | 2290 (12.9) | 13 183 (1.6) | 8.0 (7.7–8.3) | 7.8 (7.5–8.2) | 7.2 (6.8–7.5) | 87.5 (87.0–88.0) | 13.0 (12.4–13.5) |
| Men | 1981 (8.9) | 9009 (1.1) | 8.9 (8.5–9.3) | 8.9 (8.5–9.4) | 8.1 (7.7–8.5) | 88.8 (88.2–89.3) | 16.0 (15.3–16.7) |
| Major depressive disorder | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | ||||
| Women | 5138 (28.8) | 61 880 (7.6) | 3.7 (3.6–3.8) | 3.6 (3.5–3.7) | 3.3 (3.2–3.4) | 72.9 (72.2–73.5) | 5.6 (5.4–5.8) |
| Men | 4516 (20.3) | 33 733 (4.0) | 5.1 (5.0–5.3) | 4.9 (4.8–5.0) | 4.5 (4.4–4.6) | 80.5 (79.9–81.0) | 9.5 (9.2–9.8) |
| Personality disorder | P = 0.001 | P = 0.008 | P = 0.02 | ||||
| Women | 2428 (13.6) | 14 079 (1.7) | 7.7 (7.3–8.0) | 7.1 (6.8–7.4) | 6.5 (6.2–6.8) | 86.9 (86.4–87.5) | 12.8 (12.3–13.3) |
| Men | 2030 (9.1) | 8909 (1.1) | 8.9 (8.5–9.3) | 8.1 (7.7–8.5) | 7.3 (6.9–7.7) | 88.8 (88.2–89.3) | 16.5 (15.8–17.2) |
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorder | P = 0.08 | P = 0.07 | P = 0.1 | ||||
| Women | 444 (2.5) | 4621 (0.6) | 4.5 (4.1–4.9) | 4.5 (4.1–5.0) | 4.1 (3.7–4.6) | 77.7 (75.4–79.7) | 6.8 (6.0–7.6) |
| Men | 928 (4.2) | 7352 (0.9) | 4.9 (4.6–5.2) | 4.8 (4.5–5.2) | 4.3 (4.0–4.7) | 79.5 (78.0–80.8) | 8.9 (8.2–9.6) |
| Substance use disorder | P = 0.4 | P = 0.7 | P = 0.98 | ||||
| Women | 2878 (16.2) | 17 200 (2.1) | 7.2 (7.0–7.5) | 6.3 (6.1–6.6) | 5.8 (5.6–6.0) | 86.2 (85.7–86.7) | 12.4 (11.9–12.8) |
| Men | 6135 (27.5) | 30 233 (3.6) | 7.6 (7.4–7.8) | 6.6 (6.5–6.8) | 6.1 (6.0–6.3) | 86.8 (86.5–87.1) | 14.6 (14.3–15.0) |
CI, Confidence interval; ADHD, adults with ADHD; non‐ADHD, remaining population without ADHD; AFE, attributable fraction among the exposed; PAF, population attributable fraction.
Adjusted for birth year (5‐year groups from 1967 to 1997, with 1967–1973 as the reference period).
Model 1: Adjusted for birth year, maternal marital status (single, married/cohabiting (reference category), other), maternal and paternal education (low (<10 years of education), middle (10–12 years of education and high level (>12 years of education (reference category)), maternal age (<20, 20–24, 25–29 (reference value), 30–34, 35–39, 40+) and paternal age (<20, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34 (reference value), 35–39, 40–44, 45–49, 50+) at delivery, gestational age (<27, 28–31, 32–34, 35–36, 37–41 (reference value), 42+), gestational age and sex‐specific birthweight z‐scores (<−2.0; −2.0 to −0.51; −0.5 to 0.5 (reference value); 0.51–2.0; 2.01+).
Model 2: As in Model 1 and additionally adjusted for maternal and paternal psychiatric disorders (yes/no).
Attributable fraction among the exposed (AFE) (%) (=ADHD population), based on crude model.
Population attributable fraction (PAF) (%), based on crude model.
P‐value of the interaction between ADHD and sex on a multiplicative scale.
Statistical significant difference between men and women with ADHD based on non‐overlapping 95% confidence intervals.