Table 1. Sample Population Characteristics by Mode of Prehospital Transportation.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Patients | Ground EMS | Private Vehicle | ||
| Population size | 103 029 (100) | 86 097 (83.6) | 16 932 (16.4) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 90 259 (87.6) | 75 141 (87.3) | 15 118 (89.3) | <.001 |
| Female | 12 770 (12.4) | 10 956 (12.7) | 1814 (10.7) | |
| Age, y | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 32.3 (13.2) | 32.7 (13.4) | 30.4 (12.2) | <.001 |
| Median | 29.0 | 29.0 | 27.0 | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Black | 49 320 (47.9) | 40 775 (47.4) | 8545 (50.5) | <.001 |
| White | 27 083 (26.3) | 23 420 (27.2) | 3663 (21.6) | |
| Hispanic | 18 902 (18.4) | 15 430 (17.9) | 3472 (20.5) | |
| Asian | 1458 (1.4) | 1232 (1.4) | 226 (1.3) | |
| Other | 4437 (4.3) | 3725 (4.3) | 712 (4.2) | |
| Unknown | 1829 (1.8) | 1515 (1.8) | 314 (1.9) | |
| Insurance | ||||
| Private | 18 480 (17.9) | 15 111 (17.6) | 3369 (19.9) | <.001 |
| Governmental | 29 783 (28.9) | 25 496 (29.6) | 4287 (25.3) | |
| Self-pay | 37 765 (36.7) | 31 015 (36.0) | 6750 (39.9) | |
| Other | 8941 (8.7) | 7700 (8.9) | 1241 (7.3) | |
| Unknown | 8060 (7.8) | 6775 (7.9) | 1285 (7.6) | |
| Admission year | ||||
| 2010 | 34 259 (33.3) | 28 651 (33.3) | 5608 (33.1) | .85 |
| 2011 | 34 340 (33.3) | 28 665 (33.3) | 5675 (33.5) | |
| 2012 | 34 430 (33.4) | 28 781 (33.4) | 5649 (33.4) | |
| Injury mechanism | ||||
| GSW | 53 052 (51.5) | 45 582 (52.9) | 7470 (44.1) | <.001 |
| Stab wound | 49 977 (48.5) | 40 515 (47.1) | 9462 (55.9) | |
| HR, bpm | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 91.5 (30.2) | 90.6 (31.1) | 96.3 (24.6) | <.001 |
| Median | 94.0 | 94.0 | 96.0 | <.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 125.3 (39.7) | 123.6 (41.2) | 134.0 (29.3) | <.001 |
| Median | 132.0 | 131.0 | 136.0 | <.001 |
| GCS motor scorea | <.001 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 5.4 (1.5) | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.9 (0.8) | <.001 |
| % GCS motor <6 | 14.1 | 15.9 | 5.9 | <.001 |
| ISSb | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 9.3 (12.0) | 10.1 (12.5) | 5.5 (7.8) | <.001 |
| Median | 5.0 | 8.0 | 2.0 | <.001 |
Abbreviations: EMS, emergency medical service; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GSW, gunshot wound; HR, heart rate; ISS, Injury Severity Score; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
a
GCS motor scores range from 1 to 6, with 6 being normal.
b
ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with 75 being an injury resulting in death.