Table 3. Incidence Rate Ratios (95% CIs) for Risk of Suicide by Adolescent Violent Offending and Exposure to Childhood Adversity.
| Variable | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Violent Offending | Violent Offending | No Violent Offending | Violent Offending | No Violent Offending | Violent Offending | No Violent Offending | Violent Offending | |
| Parental death | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 5.7 (4.5-7.3) | 1 [Reference] | 5.2 (4.1-6.7) | 1 [Reference] | 3.0 (2.3-3.9) | 1 [Reference] | 2.6 (2.0-3.4) |
| Yes | 1.2 (0.7-2.0) | 12.5 (5.9-26.4) | 1.1 (0.7-1.9) | 10.9 (5.1-23.1) | 1.0 (0.6-1.7) | 5.6 (2.6-11.9) | 0.9 (0.5-1.4) | 4.1 (1.9-8.9) |
| Parental suicide | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 5.9 (4.7-7.5) | 1 [Reference] | 5.4 (4.2-6.9) | 1 [Reference] | 3.1 (2.4-4.0) | 1 [Reference] | 2.7 (2.1-3.5) |
| Yes | 2.4 (1.1-5.4) | 14.0 (3.5-56.3) | 2.2 (1.0-4.9) | 12.7 (3.2-51.2) | 1.8 (0.8-3.9) | 6.8 (1.7-27.3) | 1.4 (0.6-3.3) | 4.7 (1.2-19.1) |
| Parental substance abuse | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 5.2 (4.0-6.9) | 1 [Reference] | 4.9 (3.7-6.4) | 1 [Reference] | 2.9 (2.2-3.9) | 1 [Reference] | 2.8 (2.1-3.7) |
| Yes | 3.7 (2.8-4.9) | 17.2 (11.1-26.7) | 3.3 (2.5-4.4) | 14.8 (9.5-23.1) | 2.6 (2.0-3.5) | 6.8 (4.3-10.7) | 2.2 (1.6-3.1) | 5.7 (3.5-9.3) |
| Substantial parental criminality | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 5.5 (4.2-7.2) | 1 [Reference] | 5.1 (3.9-6.7) | 1 [Reference] | 3.0 (2.3-4.0) | 1 [Reference] | 2.8 (2.1-3.7) |
| Yes | 2.4 (1.7-3.2) | 10.7 (6.9-16.6) | 2.1 (1.6-2.9) | 9.3 (5.9-14.4) | 1.7 (1.3-2.3) | 4.6 (3.0-7.3) | 1.2 (0.9-1.7) | 3.1 (1.9-5.0) |
| Parental psychiatric disorder | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 6.2 (4.9-8.0) | 1 [Reference] | 5.7 (4.4-7.4) | 1 [Reference] | 3.4 (2.6-4.4) | 1 [Reference] | 3.0 (2.3-3.9) |
| Yes | 2.1 (1.5-2.7) | 6.5 (3.-12.7) | 1.9 (1.5-2.6) | 5.9 (3.0-11.4) | 1.5 (1.2-2.1) | 2.7 (1.4-5.3) | 1.2 (0.9-1.6) | 1.8 (0.9-3.5) |
| Parental separation | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 5.6 (4.0-7.8) | 1 [Reference] | 5.2 (3.7-7.3) | 1 [Reference] | 3.0 (2.2-4.3) | 1 [Reference] | 2.7 (1.9-3.8) |
| Yes | 1.6 (1.3-1.9) | 8.2 (6.0-11.4) | 1.5 (1.2-1.8) | 7.4 (5.3-10.2) | 1.3 (1.1-1.6) | 4.0 (2.8-5.5) | 1.2 (1.0-1.5) | 3.3 (2.3-4.7) |
| Public assistance recipiency | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 5.5 (4.2-7.3) | 1 [Reference] | 5.2 (3.9-6.9) | 1 [Reference] | 3.1 (2.3-4.1) | 1 [Reference] | 2.9 (2.2-3.9) |
| Yes | 2.9 (2.2-3.8) | 10.7 (7.1-16.3) | 2.7 (2.0-3.5) | 9.5 (6.2-14.6) | 2.1 (1.6-2.8) | 4.7 (3.1-7.3) | 1.6 (1.1-2.2) | 3.5 (2.2-5.5) |
| Child welfare intervention | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 6.0 (4.7-7.7) | 1 [Reference] | 5.6 (4.3-7.2) | 1 [Reference] | 3.3 (2.6-4.3) | 1 [Reference] | 2.9 (2.2-3.7) |
| Yes | 2.9 (1.8-4.6) | 6.8 (3.1-15.3) | 2.5 (1.6-3.9) | 5.8 (2.6-13.0) | 1.5 (0.9-2.4) | 2.3 (1.0-5.2) | 0.9 (0.5-1.4) | 1.2 (0.5-2.9) |
| Residential instability | ||||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 5.9 (4.6-7.5) | 1 [Reference] | 5.4 (4.2-6.9) | 1 [Reference] | 3.1 (2.4-4.0) | 1 [Reference] | 2.7 (2.1-3.5) |
| Yes | 0.9 (0.4-2.2) | 8.3 (3.1-22.3) | 0.8 (0.3-2.0) | 6.9 (2.6-18.5) | 0.6 (0.3-1.5) | 3.4 (1.3-9.1) | 0.5 (0.2-1.2) | 2.5 (0.9-6.7) |
a
Adjusted for sex and birth year.
b
Model 1 with additional adjustments for parental country of birth and parental educational level.
c
Model 2 with additional adjustments for psychiatric disorder before 20 years of age.
d
Model 3 with additional adjustments for all childhood adversities simultaneously.