Table 3. Risk of CVD With New Use of LABAs and LAMAs, Stratified by Characteristics of Therapy.
| Bronchodilator | Cases (n = 37 719)a |
Controls (n = 146 139)a |
Crude OR (95% CI) | P Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonuse of LABA or LAMA, No. (%) | 31 732 (84.1) | 124 943 (85.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| New LABA Use, No. (%) | ||||||
| Regimenc | ||||||
| LABA + ICS | 517 (1.4) | 1173 (0.8) | 1.75 (1.57-1.94) | <.001 | 1.51 (1.36-1.68) | <.001 |
| LABA + SABA | 230 (0.6) | 448 (0.3) | 2.02 (1.72-2.37) | <.001 | 1.42 (1.21-1.68) | <.001 |
| LABA + ipratropium | 199 (0.5) | 371 (0.3) | 2.11 (1.78-2.51) | <.001 | 1.42 (1.19-1.70) | <.001 |
| LABA + methylxanthines | 231 (0.6) | 514 (0.4) | 1.80 (1.54-2.10) | <.001 | 1.50 (1.28-1.76) | <.001 |
| Individual drugsc | ||||||
| Salmeterol | 368 (1.0) | 828 (0.6) | 1.76 (1.56-1.99) | <.001 | 1.49 (1.31-1.69) | <.001 |
| Formoterol | 149 (0.4) | 353 (0.2) | 1.67 (1.38-2.02) | <.001 | 1.52 (1.25-1.85) | <.001 |
| New LAMA Use, No. (%) | ||||||
| Regimend | ||||||
| LAMA only | 66 (0.2) | 170 (0.1) | 1.52 (1.14-2.03) | .004 | 1.58 (1.19-2.11) | .002 |
| LAMA + SABA | 68 (0.2) | 150 (0.1) | 1.78 (1.33-2.37) | <.001 | 1.39 (1.04-1.87) | .03 |
| LAMA + ipratropium | 52 (0.1) | 94 (0.1) | 2.17 (1.54-3.05) | <.001 | 1.47 (1.04-2.08) | .03 |
| LAMA + methylxanthines | 101 (0.3) | 247 (0.2) | 1.62 (1.29-2.05) | <.001 | 1.47 (1.16-1.86) | .001 |
| Route | ||||||
| DPI only | 176 (0.5) | 425 (0.3) | 1.63 (1.37-1.95) | <.001 | 1.53 (1.28-1.83) | <.001 |
| Mist | 14 (0.04) | 38 (0.03) | 1.48 (0.80-2.73) | .21 | 1.37 (0.74-2.55) | .32 |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; DPI, dry powder inhaler; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, inhaled long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA, inhaled antimuscarinic antagonist; OR, odds ratio; SABA, short-acting β2-agonist.
a
Data are given as number (percentage).
b
Adjusted for all covariates with standardized difference > 0.1 in Table 1.
c
Patients using LABA only and LAMA plus ICS regimens were not shown owing to small sample sizes.
d
Excluding analysis for combination of salmeterol and formoterol owing to few exposures.