Figure 1.

Asymmetric hydration in the presence of (anionic) additives. Conditions: substrate 1 [10 mM, from a 10% (w/w) propylene glycol solution] in potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM), and lyophilized Escherichia coli cells containing wild-type FDC_Es (20 mg/mL, 32 units). Effect of (a) various anions (0.5 M, pH 8.0) and (b) different carboxylates (0.5 M, pH 7.0) on enzymatic hydration (additives are shown in the respective protonation state at the corresponding pH).