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. 2018 Mar 6;18:63. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1695-3

Table 4.

Determinants of use of skilled birth attendants in Ghana – marginal effect estimates

Variables Ecological Zones
National Southern Gt Accra Middle Northern
Woman’s_Age 0.0228*** 0.0274* 0.0051 0.0293** 0.0002
(0.0087) (0.0160) (0.0103) (0.0143) (0.0193)
Woman’s age Square −0.0002* −0.0003 −0.0000 −0.0003 0.0000
(0.0001) (0.0002) (0.0002) (0.0002) (0.0003)
Birth Order: 2nd Birth −0.1202*** −0.1098** − 0.0488* −0.1756*** −0.0899
(0.0271) (0.0487) (0.0292) (0.0519) (0.0633)
Birth Order: 3rd Birth −0.1828*** −0.1603*** −0.1066* −0.2449*** −0.1285**
(0.0329) (0.0594) (0.0551) (0.0673) (0.0573)
Birth Order: 4th Birth −0.2313*** −0.2586*** −0.0876* −0.2780*** −0.1579**
(0.0311) (0.0600) (0.0477) (0.0541) (0.0704)
Woman’s Education: Primary 0.0517*** −0.0141 0.0058 0.0299 0.1649***
(0.0189) (0.0378) (0.0133) (0.0290) (0.0458)
Woman’s Education: Secondary 0.1460*** 0.1208*** 0.0939*** 0.1124*** 0.1383**
(0.0190) (0.0334) (0.0314) (0.0309) (0.0564)
Woman’s Education: Tetiary 0.2913*** 0.0337*
(0.0284) (0.0181)
Partner Education: Primary 0.0804*** 0.0033 −0.1007 0.0512 0.1602***
(0.0206) (0.0468) (0.0847) (0.0328) (0.0443)
Partner Education: Secondary 0.0807*** 0.0346 −0.0397** 0.0544 0.1464***
(0.0208) (0.0396) (0.0173) (0.0358) (0.0399)
Partner Education: Tetiary 0.1617*** 0.1422** −0.0019 0.1432*** 0.2039**
(0.0294) (0.0595) (0.0412) (0.0423) (0.0895)
Muslim Dummy −0.0829*** −0.0541 −0.0003 −0.0340 −0.1504***
(0.0240) (0.0369) (0.0167) (0.0351) (0.0429)
Ethnicity: Ga/Dangme −0.0323 0.0317 0.0386*** −0.1217**
(0.0449) (0.0909) (0.0137) (0.0556)
Ethnicity: Ewe and Guan 0.0036 0.0154 0.0136 −0.0619 −0.3282***
(0.0310) (0.0405) (0.0161) (0.0457) (0.0540)
Ethnicity: Northern Groups 0.0568* 0.0440 0.0302** 0.0168 −0.4162***
(0.0330) (0.0652) (0.0133) (0.0351) (0.0522)
Ethnicity: Others 0.0134 −0.0431 0.0075 0.0203 −0.3974***
(0.0472) (0.0854) (0.0228) (0.0632) (0.0330)
Number of Elderly Women in HH −0.0072 0.0171 0.0023 0.0278 −0.0444*
(0.0112) (0.0224) (0.0041) (0.0220) (0.0252)
Wealth Quintile: Poorer 0.0145 0.0568 −0.0676 0.0110 0.0390
(0.0218) (0.0409) (0.0454) (0.0289) (0.0508)
Wealth Quintile: Middle 0.0945*** 0.1140** −0.0195 0.1030*** 0.2134***
(0.0232) (0.0460) (0.0395) (0.0308) (0.0827)
Wealth Quintile: Richer 0.1745*** 0.2395*** −0.0129 0.1582*** 0.2645***
(0.0239) (0.0425) (0.0329) (0.0334) (0.0963)
Wealth Quintile: Richest 0.2197*** 0.1724*** 0.0311 0.2039*** 0.3937***
(0.0277) (0.0578) (0.0390) (0.0319) (0.0895)
Eco_Zone: Greater Accra 0.0319
(0.0553)
Eco_Zone: Middle 0.0754***
(0.0242)
Eco_Zone: Northern 0.0019
(0.0388)
Rural Dummy −0.1455*** −0.1340*** −0.0719 −0.1032*** −0.2030***
(0.0245) (0.0386) (0.0523) (0.0371) (0.0717)
NSCPHGW 0.1241*** −0.0679 0.0386 0.0903** 0.3738***
(0.0355) (0.0652) (0.0464) (0.0426) (0.0933)
NSCPHFT 0.2588*** 0.5073*** 0.0633* 0.1851 0.3942
(0.0891) (0.1681) (0.0339) (0.1270) (0.3705)
Year 2014 0.2874*** 0.2757*** 0.0523** 0.2194*** 0.4062***
(0.0242) (0.0398) (0.0227) (0.0366) (0.0428)
N 6444 1770 547 1944 2045
pseudo R2 0.284 0.198 0.456 0.232 0.317
p 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Source: Authors’ Calculations. Note: *** is significant at p < 0.01, ** is significant at p < 0.05, * is significant at p < 0.10. NSCPHGW, NSCPHFT are non-self cluster proportion of households with good water, non-self cluster proportion of households with flush toilet respectively. To account for women without Partners, a category was created for missing husbands under partner’s education but coefficient not reported