Table 2.
Univariable associations of potential determinants with cancer screening awareness among women 40 years and older without known history of any cancer
| Potential determinants | Aware of Pap smear (N = 5397) | Aware of mammography (N = 5397) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Predisposing | |||||
| Age | 40–60 | 919 (22.42) | Ref | 220 (5.37) | Ref |
| ≥60 | 139 (10.70) | 0.32 (0.25–0.40) | 31 (2.39) | 0.44 (0.43–0.45) | |
| Ethnicity | Not Javanese | 478 (16.48) | Ref | 146 (5.03) | Ref |
| Javanese | 580 (23.23) | 1.49 (1.18–1.88) | 105 (4.21) | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | |
| Residence | Rural | 166 (7.09) | Ref | 54 (2.31) | Ref |
| Urban | 892 (29.16) | 7.74 (5.77–10.37) | 197 (6.44) | 3.57 (2.34–5.44) | |
| Marital status | Not married | 193 (13.56) | Ref | 43 (3.02) | Ref |
| Married | 865 (21.77) | 2.14 (1.74–2.62) | 208 (5.23) | 1.93 (1.34–2.75) | |
| Education | Less than high school | 223 (5.31) | Ref | 70 (1.98) | Ref |
| High school or higher education | 835 (44.82) | 14.01 (11.44–17.16) | 181 (9.72) | 5.08 (3.75–6.90) | |
| Monthly household expenditure | Tertile 1–2 | 446 (12.52) | Ref | 95 (2.67) | Ref |
| Tertile 3 | 612 (33.33) | 3.66 (3.08–4.35) | 156 (8.50) | 3.29 (2.49–4.33) | |
| Tobacco smoking | Never | 1019 (19.76) | Ref | 241 (4.67) | Ref |
| Ever | 39 (16.25) | 0.78 (0.50–1.21) | 10 (4.17) | 0.87 (0.43–1.76) | |
| Physical activity | Active | 268 (16.47) | Ref | 51 (3.13) | Ref |
| Sedentary | 790 (20.95) | 1.49 (1.23–1.80) | 200 (5.31) | 1.85 (1.32–2.60) | |
| Openness | < 4 | 957 (20.30) | Ref | 226 (4.79) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 101 (14.81) | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 25 (3.67) | 0.94 (0.62–1.44) | |
| Conscientiousness | < 4 | 929 (19.81) | Ref | 218 (4.64) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 129 (18.25) | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 33 (4.67) | 1.02 (0.69–1.53) | |
| Extroversion | < 4 | 688 (21.48) | Ref | 167 (5.21) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 370 (16.86) | 0.75 (0.63–0.88) | 84 (3.83) | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | |
| Agreeableness | < 4 | 199 (11.24) | Ref | 50 (2.82) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 859 (23.69) | 2.53 (2.08–3.08) | 201 (5.54) | 1.91 (1.37–2.64) | |
| Neuroticism | < 4 | 528 (16.55) | Ref | 111 (3.48) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 530 (24.03) | 1.65 (1.40–1.95) | 140 (6.35) | 1.88 (1.87–1.89) | |
| Enabling | |||||
| Insured | No | 340 (12.35) | Ref | 82 (2.98) | Ref |
| Yes | 718 (27.17) | 2.52 (2.11–3.01) | 169 (6.39) | 2.10 (1.57–2.82) | |
| Travel time | < 10 min | 952 (21.14) | Ref | 232 (5.15) | Ref |
| ≥10 min | 106 (11.86) | 0.48 (0.37–0.62) | 19 (2.12) | 0.42 (0.26–0.70) | |
| Participating in social activities | No | 65 (8.06) | Ref | 20 (2.48) | Ref |
| Yes | 993 (21.63) | 3.27 (2.39–4.47) | 231 (5.03) | 2.25 (1.35–3.75) | |
| Need | |||||
| Menopausal status | Premenopausal | 641 (27.87) | Ref | 160 (6.96) | Ref |
| Postmenopausal | 417 (13.46) | 0.36 (0.30–0.42) | 91 (2.94) | 0.41 (0.31–0.54) | |
| Age at menarche | < 14 | 472 (22.13) | Ref | 115 (5.39) | Ref |
| ≥ 14 | 586 (17.95) | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) | 136 (4.17) | 0.73 (0.56–0.95) | |
| Co-morbidity score | 0–1 | 692 (23.21) | Ref | 179 (6.00) | Ref |
| ≥ 2 | 366 (15.15) | 0.53 (0.45–0.63) | 72 (2.98) | 0.54 (0.40–0.72) | |
| Parent died from cancer | No | 1009 (19.17) | Ref | 238 (4.52) | Ref |
| Yes | 49 (36.84) | 2.58 (1.62–4.11) | 13 (9.77) | 2.25 (1.15–4.41) | |
| BMI | < 25 kg/m2 | 457 (15.87) | Ref | 121 (4.20) | Ref |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 601 (23.87) | 1.49 (1.26–1.76) | 130 (5.12) | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | |
| CES-D | < 8 | 820 (21.42) | Ref | 190 (4.96) | Ref |
| ≥ 8 | 238 (15.18) | 0.73 (0.60–0.88) | 61 (3.89) | 0.86 (0.63–1.17) | |