Table 3.
Univariable associations of potential determinants with cancer screening practice among women 40 years and older without known history of any cancer
| Potential determinants | Ever Pap smear (N = 1058) | Performed BSE (N = 5397) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | OR (95 CI) | N (%) | OR (95 CI) | ||
| Predisposing | |||||
| Age | 40–60 | 254 (27.64) | Ref | 538 (13.13) | Ref |
| ≥60 | 43 (30.94) | 1.06 (0.55–2.03) | 67 (5.16) | 0.33 (0.25–0.43) | |
| Ethnicity | Not Javanese | 133 (27.82) | Ref | 302 (10.41) | Ref |
| Javanese | 164 (28.28) | 0.58 (0.72–1.33) | 303 (12.13) | 1.20 (0.96–1.51) | |
| Residence | Rural | 50 (30.12) | Ref | 129 (5.52) | Ref |
| Urban | 247 (27.69) | 0.85 (0.56–1.28) | 476 (15.56) | 3.54 (2.74–4.58) | |
| Marital status | Not married | 52 (26.94) | Ref | 99 (6.96) | Ref |
| Married | 245 (28.32) | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 506 (12.73) | 2.06 (1.62–2.61) | |
| Education | Less than high school | 48 (21.52) | Ref | 141 (3.99) | Ref |
| High school or higher education | 249 (29.82) | 1.70 (1.16–2.50) | 464 (24.91) | 8.24 (6.67–10.18) | |
| Monthly household expenditure | Tertile 1–2 | 92 (20.63) | Ref | 265 (7.44) | 1.70 (1.54–1.88) |
| Tertile 3 | 205 (33.50) | 2.08 (2.07–2.09) | 340 (18.52) | ||
| Tobacco smoking | Never | 286 (28.07) | Ref | 580 (11.25) | Ref |
| Ever | 11 (28.21) | 1.06 (0.50–2.26) | 25 (10.42) | 0.95 (0.60–1.51) | |
| Physical activity | Active | 72 (26.87) | Ref | 157 (9.64) | Ref |
| Sedentary | 225 (28.48) | 1.12 (0.80–1.56) | 448 (11.88) | 1.30 (1.06–1.60) | |
| Openness | < 4 | 272 (28.42) | Ref | 544 (11.54) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 25 (24.75) | 0.89 (0.55–1.45) | 61 (8.94) | 0.79 (0.59–1.07) | |
| Conscientiousness | < 4 | 264 (28.42) | Ref | 531 (11.32) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 33 (25.58) | 0.83 (0.53–1.29) | 74 (10.47) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | |
| Extroversion | < 4 | 199 (28.92) | Ref | 400 (12.49) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 98 (26.49) | 0.96 (0.72–1.30) | 205 (9.34) | 0.74 (0.61–0.90) | |
| Agreeableness | < 4 | 59 (29.65) | Ref | 107 (6.04) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 238 (27.71) | 0.97 (0.69–1.39) | 498 (13.73) | 2.48 (1.98–3.11) | |
| Neuroticism | < 4 | 135 (25.57) | Ref | 294 (9.21) | Ref |
| ≥4 | 162 (20.57) | 1.31 (0.99–1.74) | 311 (14.09 | 1.61 (1.34–1.93) | |
| Enabling | |||||
| Insured | No | 76 (22.35) | Ref | 217 (7.87) | Ref |
| Yes | 221 (30.78) | 1.70 (1.23–2.37) | 388 (14.68) | 1.97 (1.63–2.39) | |
| Travel time | < 10 min | 275 (28.87) | Ref | 545 (12.10) | Ref |
| ≥10 min | 22 (20.75) | 0.61 (0.36–1.02) | 60 (6.71) | 0.52 (0.39–0.70) | |
| Participating in social activities | No | 13 (20.00) | Ref | 38 (4.71) | Ref |
| Yes | 284 (28.60) | 1.56 (0.81–3.00) | 567 (12.35) | 2.85 (1.99–4.08) | |
| Need | |||||
| Menopausal status | Premenopausal | 163 (25.42) | Ref | 403 (17.52) | Ref |
| Postmenopausal | 134 (32.13) | 1.38 (1.04–1.85) | 202 (6.52) | 0.32 (0.26–0.38) | |
| Age at menarche | < 14 | 138 (29.24) | Ref | 274 (12.85) | Ref |
| ≥ 14 | 159 (27.13) | 0.87 (0.65–1.15) | 331 (10.14) | 0.80 (0.66–0.96) | |
| Co-morbidity score | 0–1 | 73 (25.29) | Ref | 412 (13.82) | Ref |
| ≥ 2 | 58 (33.33) | 1.58 (1.18–2.12) | 193 (7.99) | 0.52 (0.43–0.63) | |
| Parent died from cancer | No | 281 (27.85) | Ref | 573 (10.89) | Ref |
| Yes | 16 (32.65) | 1.30 (0.68–2.50) | 32 (24.06) | 2.42 (1.54–3.83) | |
| BMI | < 25 kg/m2 | 119 (26.04) | Ref | 264 (9.17) | Ref |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 178 (29.62) | 1.18 (0.89–1.58) | 341 (13.54) | 1.44 (1.20–1.74) | |
| CES-D | < 8 | 235 (28.66) | Ref | 439 (11.47) | Ref |
| ≥ 8 | 62 (26.05) | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 166 (10.59) | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | |