Table 6.
Bivariate Associations between Client and Provider Characteristics and Receipt of Respectful Maternity Care—Kigoma Region, Tanzania, April–July 2016 (Clients n = 935, Providers n = 249)
| Respectful Maternity Care Dimension 1 – Friendliness, Comfort, and Attention | Respectful Maternity Care Dimension 2 – Information and Consent | Respectful Maternity Care Dimension 3 – Non-abuse and Kindness | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | Unadjusted Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | Unadjusted Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Client level variables | ||||||
| Age in years | ||||||
| 15 to 19 (reference) | ||||||
| 20 to 29 | 0.28 (−0.09−0.66) | 0.142 | −0.24 (−0.50−0.02) | 0.074 | 0.05 (0.17−0.27) | 0.652 |
| 30 to 39 | 0.55 (0.13−0.97) | 0.010 | −0.27 (−0.56−0.02) | 0.072 | 0.05 (−0.19−0.29) | 0.688 |
| 40 to 49 | 0.62 (−0.13−1.37) | 0.105 | −0.36 (−0.88−0.17) | 0.181 | −0.11 (−0.54−0.32) | 0.616 |
| Don’t know | 0.22 (−0.99−0.42) | 0.727 | 0.33 (−0.51−1.17) | 0.446 | −0.83 (−1.52−-0.14) | 0.019 |
| Highest education attended | ||||||
| No education (reference) | ||||||
| Primary | −0.06 (−0.41−0.30) | 0.759 | −0.31 (−0.56−[−0.07]) | 0.012 | 0.00 (−0.20−0.20) | 0.997 |
| Secondary | −0.11 (−0.64−0.42) | 0.691 | 0.05 (−0.31−0.42) | 0.769 | −0.12 (−0.42−0.18) | 0.426 |
| College or University | 0.44 (−0.66−1.53) | 0.434 | −0.34 (−1.09−0.40) | 0.366 | −0.35 (−0.97−0.27) | 0.271 |
| Literacy | ||||||
| Cannot read or write, or can read or write, but not both (reference) | ||||||
| Can read and write | 0.23 (−0.07−0.54) | 0.134 | −0.15 (−0.37−0.06) | 0.158 | 0.09 (−0.09−0.26) | 0.333 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Low wealth (reference) | ||||||
| Low middle wealth | −0.37 (−0.82−0.07) | 0.101 | −0.17 (−0.48−0.14) | 0.283 | −0.06 (−0.31−0.20) | 0.653 |
| Middle wealth | −0.28 (−0.72−0.16) | 0.212 | −0.16 (−0.46−0.15) | 0.317 | −0.09 (−0.34−0.16) | 0.492 |
| High middle wealth | −0.25 (−0.69−0.18) | 0.258 | −0.34 (−0.64−[−0.04]) | 0.029 | 0.09 (−0.16−0.33) | 0.485 |
| High wealth | −0.01 (−0.48−0.45) | 0.954 | −0.17 (−0.49−0.16) | 0.312 | 0.03 (−0.22−0.28) | 0.814 |
| Total live births | ||||||
| 0 to 2 (reference) | ||||||
| 3 or more | 0.24 (−0.03−0.52) | 0.082 | −0.16 (−0.35−0.03) | 0.097 | 0.06 (−0.10−0.21) | 0.484 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Not in a union (reference) | ||||||
| In a union | 0.19 (−0.30−0.67) | 0.448 | −0.28 (−0.61−0.06) | 0.106 | 0.24 (−0.03−0.52) | 0.085 |
| Frequency of attendance at religious services | ||||||
| Attends less often than weekly (reference) | ||||||
| Attends at least weekly | 0.28 (−0.12−0.69) | 0.165 | −0.39 (−0.67−0.12) | 0.005 | −0.07 (−0.30−0.16) | 0.572 |
| Companion in labor | ||||||
| No (reference) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.15 (−0.17−0.46) | 0.360 | 0.45 (0.23−0.66) | 0.000 | 0.15 (−0.01−0.32) | 0.065 |
| Companion at time of delivery | ||||||
| No (reference) | ||||||
| Yes | −0.10 (−0.56−0.36) | 0.675 | 0.31 (−0.01−0.63) | 0.058 | −0.12 (−0.37−0.13) | 0.346 |
| Self-reported delivery complications | ||||||
| No (reference) | ||||||
| Yes | −0.53 (−0.95−[−0.12]) | 0.012 | −0.11 (−0.41−0.18) | 0.439 | −0.29 (−0.53−[−0.05]) | 0.016 |
| Provider-level variables | ||||||
| Age in years | ||||||
| 20 to 29 (reference) | ||||||
| 30 to 39 | −0.05 (−0.62−0.52) | 0.868 | −0.43 (−0.85−0.02) | 0.041 | 0.17 (−0.07−0.41) | 0.175 |
| 40 to 49 | −0.10 (−0.61−0.40) | 0.687 | −0.62 (−0.99−[−0.26]) | 0.001 | 0.13 (−0.08−0.35) | 0.233 |
| 50 or older | 0.23 (−0.30−0.76) | 0.393 | −0.07 (−0.46−0.31) | 0.700 | 0.40 (0.17−0.63) | 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (reference) | ||||||
| Female | −0.31 (−0.72−0.10) | 0.142 | −0.21 (−0.51−0.10) | 0.183 | −0.09 (−0.27−0.09) | 0.335 |
| Highest education completed | ||||||
| Primary (reference) | ||||||
| Secondary | −0.64 (−1.65−0.36) | 0.211 | 0.03 (−0.71−0.77) | 0.942 | 0.31 (−0.15−0.76) | 0.185 |
| College/university | −0.49 (−1.46−0.48) | 0.326 | 0.29 (−0.42−1.00) | 0.426 | 0.15 (−0.29−0.59) | 0.490 |
| Cadre | ||||||
| Clinician (reference) | ||||||
| Nurse/midwife | −0.52 (−1.11−0.08) | 0.087 | −0.15 (−0.60−0.29) | 0.501 | −0.24 (−0.51−0.04) | 0.091 |
| Other staff | 0.36 (−0.31−1.02) | 0.290 | 0.13 (−0.37−0.64) | 0.600 | −0.29 (−0.60−0.02) | 0.064 |
| Years in cadre | 0.01 (−0.01−0.03) | 0.360 | −0.01 (−0.02−0.01) | 0.245 | 0.01 (−0.00−0.02) | 0.119 |
| Years at the facility | 0.01 (−0.01−0.03) | 0.200 | −0.00 (−0.02−0.01) | 0.824 | 0.01 (−0.00−0.02) | 0.105 |
| Work hours per week | 0.01 (−0.00−0.02) | 0.140 | 0.02 (0.01−0.03) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.01−0.00) | 0.114 |
| Delivery ever-training summative index, possible range 0 to 25 | −0.04 (−0.08−[−0.01]) | 0.025 | −0.00 (−0.03−0.03) | 0.998 | 0.01 (−0.00−0.03) | 0.097 |
| Delivery pre-service summative index, possible range 0 to 25 | −0.03 (−0.06−0.00) | 0.034 | 0.00 (−0.02−0.02) | 0.650 | 0.00 (−0.01−0.01) | 0.624 |
| Delivery in-service summative index, possible range 0 to 25 | −0.01 (−0.04−0.01) | 0.352 | −0.01 (−0.03−0.01) | 0.302 | 0.01 (0.00−0.02) | 0.046 |
| Recent delivery practice summative index, (in last 3 months), possible range 0 to 25 | −0.07(−0.11−[−0.03]) | 0.000 | 0.00 (−0.03−0.03) | 0.831 | 0.01 (−0.00−0.03) | 0.124 |
| Number of deliveries attended in last month | ||||||
| 1 to 10 (reference) | ||||||
| 11 to 20 | −0.65 (−1.11−[−0.20]) | 0.005 | −0.26 (−0.61−0.08) | 0.129 | 0.03 (−0.17−0.23) | 0.794 |
| 21 to 30 | −0.34 (−1.26−0.57) | 0.462 | −0.06 (−0.75−0.63) | 0.861 | −0.05 (−0.45−0.35) | 0.821 |
| More than 30 | −0.82 (−1.71−0.08) | 0.074 | 0.60 (−0.07−1.27) | 0.080 | −0.37 (−0.76−0.03) | 0.066 |
| Don’t know | −0.10 (−0.93−0.73) | 0.814 | −0.20 (−0.82−0.43) | 0.535 | 0.06 (−0.31−0.42) | 0.766 |
| Recent complications summative index (in Last 1 Month) | ||||||
| 0 of 4 types of complications dealt with: postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed labor, puerperal sepsis (reference) | ||||||
| 1 of 4 | −0.21 (−0.71−0.28) | 0.402 | −0.06 (−0.44−0.32) | 0.750 | 0.02 (−0.21−0.25) | 0.874 |
| 2 of 4 | −0.89 (−1.44−[−0.35]) | 0.001 | −0.32 (−0.74−0.10) | 0.134 | −0.17 (−0.41−0.08) | 0.186 |
| 3 of 4 | −0.68 (−1.28−[−0.09]) | 0.025 | −0.18 (−0.64−0.28) | 0.438 | −0.02 (−0.29−0.25) | 0.858 |
| 4 of 4 | −1.06 (−1.75−[−0.36]) | 0.003 | −0.39 (−0.92−0.15) | 0.159 | 0.18 (−0.13−0.48) | 0.260 |
| Access to electronic mentoring opportunities | ||||||
| Access to 0 of 3 types of electronic mentoring: emergency call system, e-learning, teleconference (reference) | ||||||
| Access to 1 type | −0.10 (−0.57−0.36) | 0.664 | −0.00 (−0.35−0.35) | 0.994 | 0.13 (−0.07−0.34) | 0.198 |
| Access to 2 types | −0.35 (−0.92−0.22) | 0.227 | −0.03 (−0.45−0.40) | 0.903 | 0.37 (0.12−0.62) | 0.004 |
| Access to 3 types | −0.92 (−1.53− −0.30) | 0.003 | 0.43 (−0.03−0.89) | 0.068 | 0.22 (−0.05−0.49) | 0.111 |
| Perception in-service training has helped job performance | ||||||
| No (reference) | ||||||
| Yes | −0.69 (−1.32−[−0.06]) | 0.033 | −0.34 (−0.81−0.13) | 0.157 | 0.13 (−0.16−0.42) | 0.384 |
| Job satisfaction | ||||||
| Very dissatisfied (reference) | ||||||
| A little dissatisfied | −0.07 (−0.68−0.54) | 0.820 | −0.03 (−0.49−0.42) | 0.895 | −0.05 (−0.32−0.22) | 0.707 |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | −0.16 (−0.93−0.61) | 0.682 | −0.40 (−0.97−0.17) | 0.165 | 0.02 (−0.33−0.37) | 0.916 |
| A little satisfied | −0.45 (−1.06−0.15) | 0.142 | −0.22 (−0.67−0.23) | 0.334 | 0.06 (−0.21−0.32) | 0.680 |
| Very satisfied | −0.09 (−0.83−0.65) | 0.814 | 0.10 (−0.45−0.65) | 0.730 | 0.15 (−0.18−0.48) | 0.379 |
| Perception paid fairly for job duties | ||||||
| No (reference) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.57 (0.07−1.07) | 0.027 | 0.46 (0.08−0.83) | 0.016 | −0.06 (−0.29−0.16) | 0.584 |
| Perception of adequacy of training for job duties | ||||||
| No (reference) | ||||||
| Yes | −0.02 (−0.44−0.40) | 0.925 | −0.16 (−0.47−0.15) | 0.310 | 0.02 (−0.16−0.21) | 0.810 |
| Has an on-site supervisor | ||||||
| No (reference) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.07 (−0.35−0.49) | 0.732 | −0.17 (−0.48−0.14) | 0.292 | −0.05 (−0.24−0.14) | 0.599 |
| Clinical knowledge test score | −0.63 (−2.06−0.81) | 0.392 | −0.31 (−1.38−0.76) | 0.568 | 0.41 (−0.23−1.05) | 0.211 |
NOTE: CI Confidence Intervals