Table 2.

Logistic regression analyses of the relationship between oral health status and cognitive performance, showing effects as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

	Outcome = MMSE score ≤23
	Model 1 (oral health status only)	Model 2 (model 1 + age)	Model 3 (all predictor variables)
Oral health status
No periodontal disease (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Periodontal disease†	2.80 (1.33–5.92)*	2.68 (1.27–5.69)*	2.21 (1.01–4.84)*
Edentulous	2.79 (1.36–5.69)*	2.39 (1.14–5.02)*	2.28 (1.06–4.90)*
Demographic and socioeconomic status
Age		1.05 (0.99–1.12)	1.00 (0.93–1.07)
Gender
Women			1.00
Men			1.45 (0.76–2.80)
Years of education			0.77 (0.63–0.93)*
Health status and health behavior
BMI (kg/m2)			0.90 (0.82–0.98)*
Smoking status
Never smoked			1.00
Previous/current smoker			0.69 (0.35–1.37)
Drinking behavior
Drink alcohol everyday			0.40 (0.11–1.46)
History of CVD			1.56 (0.79–3.07)
	Outcome = HDS‐R score ≤20
	Model 4 (oral health status only)	Model 5 (model 4+ Age)	Model 6 (all predictor variables)
Oral health status
No periodontal disease (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Periodontal disease†	5.86 (1.61–21.33)*	5.14 (1.49–20.06)*	4.85 (1.29–18.15)*
Edentulous	5.57 (1.57–19.73)*	4.12 (1.13–15.04)*	3.86 (1.05–14.20)*
Demographic and socioeconomic status
Age		1.10 (1.01–1.20)*	1.08 (0.99–1.18)
Gender
Women			1.00
Men			1.19 (0.49–2.88)
Years of education			0.88 (0.68–1.13)
Health status and health behavior
BMI (kg/m2)			0.95 (0.85–1.08)
Smoking status
Never smoked			1.00
Previous/current smoker			0.84 (0.34–2.13)
Drinking behavior
Drink alcohol everyday			0.35 (0.04–2.90)
History of CVD			0.82 (0.31–2.17)

MMSE – Mini‐mental State Examination; HDS‐R – Hasegawa's Dementia Scale‐Revised; BMI – body mass index; CVD – cardiovascular disease.

^† Individuals who presented with interproximal attachment loss ≥5 mm in ≥50% of teeth.

^* P < 0.05.