Table 2. Outcome Measures by Anticoagulant Type.
| Outcome Measures | Warfarin | NOACs | No OACs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Outcome: In-Hospital Death | |||
| No./total No. (%) | 4903/15 036 (32.6) | 1305/4918 (26.5) | 27 297/121 357 (22.5) |
| Adjusted RD (97.5% CI), %a | [Reference] | −5.7 (−7.3 to −4.2) | −9.0 (−10.1 to −7.9) |
| Adjusted OR (97.5% CI)a | [Reference] | 0.75 (0.69 to 0.81) | 0.62 (0.58 to 0.65) |
| Adjusted RD (97.5% CI), %a | 9.0 (7.9 to 10.1) | 3.3 (1.7 to 4.8) | [Reference] |
| Adjusted OR (97.5% CI)a | 1.62 (1.53 to 1.71) | 1.21 (1.11 to 1.32) | [Reference] |
| In-Hospital Death or Discharge to Hospice | |||
| No./total No. (%) | 6367/15 036 (42.4) | 1822/4918 (37.1) | 36 744/121 357 (30.3) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | [Reference] | −5.6 (−7.1 to −4.1) | −8.3 (−9.3 to −7.2) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | [Reference] | 0.77 (0.72 to 0.83) | 0.67 (0.64 to 0.71) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | 8.3 (7.2 to 9.3) | 2.7 (1.2 to 4.2) | [Reference] |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1.48 (1.41 to 1.56) | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.23) | [Reference] |
| Able to Ambulate Independently at Dischargeb | |||
| No./total No. (%) | 2642/9269 (28.5) | 993/3340 (29.7) | 29 632/81 472 (36.4) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | [Reference] | 1.8 (0 to 3.5) | 2.1 (1.0 to 3.3) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | [Reference] | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.20) | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | −2.1 (−3.3 to −1.0) | −0.4 (−1.9 to 1.2) | [Reference] |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.96) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | [Reference] |
| Discharge Home | |||
| No./total No. (%) | 2523/15 036 (16.8) | 978/4918 (19.9) | 32 482/121 357 (26.8) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | [Reference] | 3.3 (2.0 to 4.5) | 3.0 (2.2 to 3.8) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | [Reference] | 1.28 (1.17 to 1.40) | 1.24 (1.16 to 1.31) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | −3.0 (−3.8 to −2.2) | 0.3 (−0.9 to 1.5) | [Reference] |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 0.81 (0.76 to 0.86) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.12) | [Reference] |
| Modified Rankin Scale Score 0-1c | |||
| No./total No. (%) | 683/9162 (7.5) | 270/2939 (9.2) | 8813/67 496 (13.1) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | [Reference] | 1.6 (0.4 to 2.8) | 2.0 (1.3 to 2.8) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | [Reference] | 1.27 (1.07 to 1.50) | 1.30 (1.16 to 1.46) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | −2.0 (−2.8 to −1.3) | −0.4 (−1.6 to 0.7) | [Reference] |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 0.77 (0.69 to 0.86) | 0.97 (0.84 to 1.13) | [Reference] |
| Modified Rankin Scale Score 0-2c | |||
| No./total No. (%) | 1045/9162 (11.4) | 416/2939 (14.2) | 12 711/67 496 (18.8) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | [Reference] | 2.5 (1.1 to 3.9) | 3.1 (2.3 to 4.0) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | [Reference] | 1.29 (1.13 to 1.48) | 1.34 (1.22 to 1.47) |
| Adjusted RD (95% CI), %a | −3.1 (−4.0 to −2.3) | −0.7 (−2.0 to 0.7) | [Reference] |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 0.75 (0.68 to 0.82) | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.10) | [Reference] |
Abbreviations: NOACs, non–vitamin K oral anticoagulants; OACs, oral anticoagulants; OR, odds ratio; RD, risk difference.
Adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics as follows: demographics (age, sex, and race/ethnicity [black, Hispanic, Asian, and other vs white]), insurance (Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance/Veterans Affairs/other vs no insurance), medical history (atrial fibrillation or flutter, prior coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction, carotid stenosis, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, smoker, dyslipidemia, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, heart failure, drug or alcohol abuse, obesity or overweight, and renal insufficiency), arrival and admission information (emergency medical services arrival and transfer in [vs private transportation], arrived off hours), medications prior to admission (antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, and diabetic agents), and hospital characteristics (rural vs urban setting, number of beds, teaching hospital, regions, and certified primary stroke center).
Data were missing for 13 725 patients (12.7%).
Data were missing for 61 714 patients (43.7%). Modified Rankin Scale ranges from 0 to 6, and a higher score indicates worse functional outcome and 6 indicates death. Patients with modified Rankin Scale score of 0 or 1 were classified as having excellent recovery, and those with modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 were classified as having functional independence.