Figure 1. Experimental Design.

The implicit and explicit tasks required the acquisition of skill for the same sequence of movements. The implicit task, was introduced to participants as a test of reaction time; while, the explicit task was introduced to participants as a sequence learning task. After learning and testing in either the implicit or explicit task (8pm; skill₁), repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied to either M1 or IPL. Participants’ subsequent sleep was recorded (11pm to 7am), and after waking their skill on the learnt task was retested (8am; skill₂). The difference between participants’ initial (skill₁) and subsequent skill (skill₂) provided a measure of off-line improvements over the night of sleep.