Table 3. Effect of the framing of information (treatment group analysis).
| Outcome | Control | Positive | Negative | Difference (95% CI) | Relative risk (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pos versus C | Neg versus C | Neg versus Pos | Pos versus C | Neg versus C | Neg versus Pos | ||||
| Primary outcome | |||||||||
| DPT3 vaccination | 66/235 (28%) | 94/232 (41%) | 107/239 (45%) | 0.124 (0.04 to 0.21) | 0.167 (0.08 to 0.25) | 0.043 (−0.05 to 0.13) | 1.44 (1.12 to 1.87) | 1.59 (1.24 to 2.04) | 1.11 (0.90 to 1.36) |
| From vaccination card | 49/102 (48%) | 61/97 (63%) | 70/104 (67%) | 0.148 (0.01 to 0.29) | 0.193 (0.06 to 0.33) | 0.044 (−0.09 to 0.18) | 1.31 (1.02 to 1.69) | 1.40 (1.10 to 1.79) | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.31) |
| Self-reported | 17/133 (13%) | 33/135 (24%) | 37/135 (27%) | 0.117 (0.03 to 0.21) | 0.146 (0.05 to 0.24) | 0.030 (−0.08 to 0.13) | 1.91 (1.12 to 3.26) | 2.14 (1.27 to 3.61) | 1.12 (0.75 to 1.68) |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||||
| Full vaccination | 47/235 (20%) | 75/232 (32%) | 87/239 (36%) | 0.123 (0.04 to 0.20) | 0.164 (0.08 to 0.24) | 0.041 (−0.05 to 0.13) | 1.62 (1.18 to 2.22) | 1.82 (1.34 to 2.47) | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.45) |
| BCG vaccination | 221/235 (94%) | 213/232 (92%) | 222/239 (93%) | −0.022 (−0.07 to 0.02) | −0.012 (−0.06 to 0.03) | 0.011 (−0.04 to 0.06) | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.03) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.07) |
| Measles vaccination | 98/235 (42%) | 147/232 (63%) | 153/239 (64%) | 0.217 (0.13 to 0.31) | 0.223 (0.14 to 0.31) | 0.007 (−0.08 to 0.09) | 1.52 (1.27 to 1.82) | 1.54 (1.28 to 1.84) | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.16) |
| Knowledge of tetanus causes | 116/235 (49%) | 194/232 (84%) | 209/239 (87%) | 0.343 (0.26 to 0.42) | 0.381 (0.30 to 0.46) | 0.038 (−0.03 to 0.10) | 1.69 (1.47 to 1.95) | 1.77 (1.54 to 2.03) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) |
| Knowledge of tetanus symptoms | 37/235 (16%) | 124/232 (53%) | 132/239 (55%) | 0.377 (0.30 to 0.46) | 0.395 (0.32 to 0.47) | 0.018 (−0.07 to 0.11) | 3.40 (2.47 to 4.67) | 3.51 (2.56 to 4.82) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.22) |
| Knowledge of tetanus prevention | 124/235 (53%) | 169/232 (73%) | 198/239 (83%) | 0.201 (0.12 to 0.29) | 0.301 (0.22 to 0.38) | 0.100 (0.03 to 0.18) | 1.38 (1.20 to 1.60) | 1.57 (1.37 to 1.80) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.25) |
| Perception of tetanus vaccination efficacy | 7.75 (0.14) | 7.78 (0.14) | 8.05 (0.14) | 0.031 (−0.36 to 0.42) | 0.305 (−0.08 to 0.69) | 0.274 (−0.12 to 0.66) | — | — | — |
Values for the descriptive statistics are n/N (%) for binary outcomes and mean (standard deviation) for continuous outcomes.
BCG, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin; C, control; DPT3, 3 doses of diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus vaccine; Neg, negative framing; Pos, positive framing.