Localization of miR-1948 and miR-802 nearby sex-biased DHS and their sex differential expression in mouse liver. (A) University of California Santa Cruz browser screenshot of genomic regions surrounding miR-1948 (top; blue highlight) and miR-802 (bottom; pink highlight). DHS peak regions are shown as horizontal blocks in dark blue (male-biased DHS), pink (female-biased DHS), and gray (sex-independent DHS) based on Ling et al. (38). (B) Sex-biased expression of miR-1948 and miR-802, compared with the sex-independent expression of the abundant liver miR-122, as determined by qPCR analysis of male and female mouse liver RNA (mean ± SE, n = 5 livers per sex). The sex with the lower expression was set to a y-axis value of 1 for each miRNA. Significance between sexes was determined by Student t test: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.005. (C) Developmental profile for the expression of miR-1948, miR-802, and miR-122 in livers of male and female mice at 3, 4, and 8 weeks of age (mean ± SE, n = 4 livers per group). The lowest expression sample group in each time point was set to 1. Sex-differential expression is first seen after puberty (8 weeks of age), when miR-1948 is upregulated and miR-802 is downregulated in male liver. Significance comparing male with female in each age group was determined by Student t test: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.005. F, female; M, male; SE, standard error.