Table 1.
Role of sex hormones in ocular diseases.
| ++ | + | +/− | / | − |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protective effect | Modest correlation | Non-significant correlation | Non-associated factor | Inversely correlated factor |
| Disease | E | P | T | Studies |
| AMD | +/− | / | / | Menopausal and reproductive factors and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Feskanich et al. |
| The effect of the hormone therapy on the risk for age-related maculopathy in postmenopausal women. Abramov et al. | ||||
| Reproductive exposures, incident age-related cataracts, and age-related maculopathy in women: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Klein et al. | ||||
| Female reproductive factors and eye disease in a rural south Indian population: the Aravind comprehensive eye survey. Nirmalan et al. | ||||
| / | Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chakravarthy et al. | |||
| Age-related macular degeneration guidelines for management. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. | ||||
| Sex steroid and AMD in older French women: the POLA study. Defay et al. | ||||
| AMD(drusenoid or neovascular) | ++ | Hormone therapy and age-related macular degeneration. The women’s health initiative sight exam study. Haan et al. | ||
| Inverse association of female hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with AMD and interaction with ARMS2 polymorphisms. Velez et al. | ||||
| HRT, reproductive factors, and age-related macular degeneration: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project. Freeman et al. | ||||
| Association between reproductive and hormonal factors and age-related maculopathy in postmenopausal women. Snow et al. | ||||
| + | Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chakravarthy et al. | |||
| Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Evans | ||||
| Five-year incidence of age-related maculopathy lesions: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Mitchell et al. | ||||
| Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: a case-control study in the age-related eye disease study (AREDS): AREDS report number 3. Group, AREDS research | ||||
| Smoking, alcohol intake, estrogen use, and AMD in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Fraser-Bell et al. | ||||
| CSCR | / | / | − | The potential role of testosterone in central serous chorioretinopathy. Grieshaber et al. |
| Central serous chorioretinis associated with testosterone therapy. Ahad et al. | ||||
| Central serous chorioretinopathy in patients receiving exogenous testosterone therapy. Nudleman et al. | ||||
| Finasteride for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Forooghian et al. | ||||
| / | / | / | Serum cortisol and testosterone levels in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Tufan et al. | |
| Serous central chorioretinopathy and endogenous hypercortisolemia. Kapetanios et al. | ||||
| MACULAR HOLE | ++ | / | / | Clinical features of idiopathic macular cysts and holes. McDonnell et al. |
| Macular holes. James and Feman | ||||
| Estrogen antagonist and development of macular hole. Chung et al. | ||||
| Estrogen and macular holes: a postal questionnaire. Gray et al. | ||||
| Systemic risk factors for idiopathic macular holes: a case-control study. Evans et al. | ||||
| − | / | / | Vitreous estrogen levels in patients with an idiopathic macular hole. Inokuchi et al. | |
| Retinitis Pigmentosa | / | ++ | / | Enhancing survival of photoreceptor cells in vivo using the sintetic progestin norgestrel. Doonan et al. |
| Norgestrel may be a potential therapy for retinal degenerations. Doonan and Cotter | ||||
| Neuroprotective actions of progesterone in an in vivo model of retinitis pigmentosa. Sanchez-Vallejo et al. | ||||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | / | / | +/− | The role of sex hormones in diabetic retinopathy. Grisby et al. |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone protects bovine retinal capillary pericytes against glucose toxicity. Briganrdello et al. | ||||
| ++ If early stage − If late stage |
/ | Gender and estrogen supplementation increases severity of experimental choroidal neovascularization. Espinosa-Heidmann et al. | ||
| Effects of tamoxifen versus raloxifene on retinal capillary endothelial cell proliferation. Grigsby et al. | ||||
| / | / | / | Exogenous estrogen exposures and changes in diabetic retinopathy: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Klein et al. | |
| Glaucoma | ++ | / | / | Is estrogen a therapeutic target for glaucoma? Dewundara et al. |
| The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Furchgott et al. | ||||
| Estrogen deficiency accelerates aging of the optic nerve. Vajaranant and Pasquae | ||||
| Primary open-angle glaucoma. Weinreb and Khaw | ||||
| The effect of the menstrual cycle on optic nerve had analysis in healthy women. Akar et al. | ||||
| Estrogen pathway polymorphisms in relation to primary open angle glaucoma: an analysis accounting for gender from the United States. Pasquale et al. | ||||
For and against evidences for each disease, with type of correlation.
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; CSRC, central serous chorioretinopathy; E, estrogens; P, progesterone; T, testosterone.