Table 1.

A summary of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of crocin

	Experimental model	Effect	Ref.
Crocin	Rat	Protected neurons against chronic stress damages via reducing MDA level as well as elevating the levels of GPx, GR, SOD and total antioxidant capacity	[11]
	PC-12 cell	Protected PC-12 cell against oxidative stress induced by deprived from serum/glucose against via preventing membrane lipid peroxidation	[12]
		Protected PC-12 cell against ischemic stress-induced neural cell death via increasing GSH content and blocking the activation of JNK pathways	[13]
		Protected PC-12 cell against ACR induced neural cell death via blocking down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax as well as decreasing apoptosis and ROS generation in the treated cells	[14]
	Rat	Protected hippocampus against chronic stress induced learning and memory loss by modulating oxidative stress	[15]
		Protected brain against acute swimming exercise induced oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant activity and decreasing the levels of XO and MDA	[16]
		Protected brain against haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia by increasing GSH and decreasing MDA	[17]
	Cultured rat microglial cells	Protected microglial cells against LPS-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation, the levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and ROS	[22]
		Protected microglial cells against TNF-α-induced neuroinflammation by blocking the expression of Bcl-XS and LICE and ameliorating the Bcl-XL mRNA expression	[23]
	Retinal ganglion & BV2 cells	Protected retinal ganglion cells against LPS-induced microglial activation and progression of glaucoma by decreasing the expression of microglial markers (CD11b and Iba-1) and pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α). Suppressing CX3CR1 expression by modulating NF-κB/YY1 signaling	[24]

Abbreviations: MDA: malondialdehyde, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, GR: glutathione reductase, SOD: superoxide dismutase, GSH: glutathione peroxidase, JNK: c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases, ACR: acrylamide, ROS: reactive oxygen species, XO: xanthine oxidase, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, NO: nitric oxide, TNF: tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β: interleukin-1β, NOs: nitric oxide synthase, COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, NF-Κb: Nuclear factor-κB.