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. 2018 Mar 6;8:4072. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22131-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of salt stress on chlorophyll a fluorescence, 820 nm transmittance and grana integrity in the chloroplasts of rice leaves. (A–C) Simultaneously-measured chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curves; (D–F) 820 nm transmittance curves in WT, OEIF2 and KDIF2 rice plants under control and salinity stress. The curves are average of six different samples. (G) Fv/Fm; (H) PI (Performance Index); (I) RC/ABS, which is related to the number of active PSII reaction centers per PSII antenna Chl; (J) Ultrastructure of chloroplasts of WT, OEIF2 and KDIF2 lines, without salt (control), and after 24 h of salt (200 mM NaCl) stress, showed more disintegration of chloroplast grana in WT and KDIF2 shoots under stress than in OEIF2. Data are shown as mean ± SE, calculated from three independent experiments and the significant difference is shown as (*)p < 0.05 probability levels as compared to the WT under control and stress conditions. Bar = 200 nm.